{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T14:28:37Z","timestamp":1776090517054,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Scientific Scholar","content-domain":{"domain":["ijdvl.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The dual diagnosis of vitiligo and melasma and their association has hardly been studied.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To test our hypothesis of an independent bidirectional association between vitiligo and melasma.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A population-based study was conducted on 24,436 patients with vitiligo and 119,205 matched comparators. Both a retrospective cohort design and a nested case-control design were used, with the calculation of adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and odds ratios (ORs).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The incidence of melasma per 1000 person-years was 1.38 (95% CI 1.22-1.54) in the vitiligo group and 0.88 (95% CI 0.84-0.96) in the comparison group. Patients with vitiligo had a 60% increased risk of developing melasma regardless of hormonal treatment, phototherapy, and thyroid disorders (adjusted HR, 1.58; 95% CI, 1.35-1.86). The prevalence of pre-existing melasma was higher in patients with vitiligo than in matched comparators (0.9% vs. 0.5%,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;0.001). Melasma was associated with a 30% increase in the odds of developing vitiligo (adjusted OR 1.32; 95% CI 1.12-1.55), regardless of hydroquinone treatment.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Limitations<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Retrospective data collection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A bidirectional association between vitiligo and melasma was observed. Treatment strategies for individuals with a dual diagnosis warrant further investigation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.25259\/ijdvl_1828_2024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,5]],"date-time":"2025-07-05T00:41:58Z","timestamp":1751676118000},"page":"150-156","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25259\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Bidirectional association between vitiligo and melasma: A large-scale population-based study"],"prefix":"10.25259","volume":"92","author":[{"given":"Shany","family":"Sherman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Dermatology, Rabin Medical Center \u2013 Beilinson Hospital, Petach Tikva, Israel"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hadar","family":"Duskin-Bitan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel 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