{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T12:19:06Z","timestamp":1780316346469,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Scientific Scholar","content-domain":{"domain":["ijdvl.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Sarcoidosis is a systemic, non-caseating granulomatous disease characterised by clinical and histopathological variability.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To review cases of cutaneous sarcoidosis and describe their clinical and histopathological features.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A retrospective study was conducted to analyse the clinical and histopathological frecords of all available skin biopsy slides signed out as \u2018sarcoidal tissue reaction\u2019 or \u2018sarcoidosis\u2019 from 2014 till 2022.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A total of 25 cases were studied. The lesions were most commonly located on the head and neck (18 cases, 72%). Morphologically plaques (20%) were the most common, and the majority of cases had lesions of \u22652 distinct morphologies (44%). Histologically, classical naked granulomas were observed in 72% of cases. The granulomatous infiltrate was pandermal in 56% of cases, perivascular and interstitial in 16%, and perivascular, perieccrine, and interstitial in 12%. Granulomas with a \u2018leprosy\u2019 pattern were observed in 20% of cases. High-density granulomas (occupying &gt;30% of the dermis) were present in 64% of cases. Fibrinoid necrosis and fibrosis between granulomas were observed in 16% and 8% cases, respectively. Inclusion bodies, such as asteroid and Schaumann bodies, were seen in 24% and 4% cases, respectively. Reticulin-rich granulomas were observed in 54% cases, while reticulin-poor granulomas were seen in 8.3%. Elevated serum ACE levels were found in 14 cases, and tuberculin skin test, conducted in 22 cases, was negative. Extracutaneous involvement was found in 11 cases, with 10 having pulmonary and 1 with pulmonary and splenic involvement.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Limitation<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Retrospective nature of the study and small sample size.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Cutaneous sarcoidosis presents with a wide range of clinical and histomorphological features, necessitating clinico-histopathological correlation and ancillary investigations to establish the diagnosis and rule out mimickers.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.25259\/ijdvl_368_2024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]],"date-time":"2025-01-17T11:17:58Z","timestamp":1737112678000},"page":"305-314","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25259\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Clinico-histopathological review of cutaneous sarcoidosis: A retrospective descriptive study"],"prefix":"10.25259","volume":"91","author":[{"given":"Akash Deep","family":"Chandra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology & Venereology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sujay","family":"Khandpur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology & Venereology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Ramam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology & Venereology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neetu","family":"Bhari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology & Venereology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vishal","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology & Venereology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shipra","family":"Agarwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10894","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_368_2024\/ref-1","first-page":"699.e1","article-title":"Sarcoidosis: A comprehensive review and update for the dermatologist: Part I","volume":"66","author":"Haimovic","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cutaneous disease. J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_368_2024\/ref-2","first-page":"212","article-title":"The granulomatous reaction pattern","volume-title":"Skin Pathology","author":"Weedon","year":"2015","edition":"5th ed"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_368_2024\/ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.08-1527","article-title":"Sarcoidosis of the skin: A review for the pulmonologist","volume":"136","author":"Lodha","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_368_2024\/ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.34.391.248","article-title":"[The pathology of sarcoidosis]","volume":"34","author":"Thomson","year":"1958","journal-title":"Postgrad Med J"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_368_2024\/ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.160.2.ats4-99","article-title":"Joint Statement of the American Thoracic Society (ATS), the European Respiratory Society (ERS) and the World Association of Sarcoidosis and Other Granulomatous Disorders (WASOG) adopted by the ATS Board of Directors and by the ERS Executive Committee, February 1999","volume":"160","author":"Statement on sarcoidosis","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_368_2024\/ref-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.4103\/ijdpdd.ijdpdd_13_18","article-title":"Epithelioid cell granuloma","volume":"5","author":"Yadav","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian J Dermatopathology Diag Dermatol"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_368_2024\/ref-7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.4103\/idoj.IDOJ_606_20","article-title":"Cutaneous sarcoidosis: A retrospective clinico-pathological study from the Indian subcontinent in patients attending a tertiary health care centre","volume":"12","author":"Mahabal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indian Dermatol Online J"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_368_2024\/ref-8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2009.03153.x","article-title":"Cutaneous sarcoidosis: A histopathological study","volume":"23","author":"Cardoso","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_368_2024\/ref-9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.12248","article-title":"Cutaneous sarcoidosis: Clinicopathologic study of 76 patients from Lebanon","volume":"54","author":"Ishak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_368_2024\/ref-10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.4103\/0378-6323.30645","article-title":"Cutaneous sarcoidosis: Clinical profile of 23 Indian patients","volume":"73","author":"Mahajan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_368_2024\/ref-11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lpm.2012.02.046","article-title":"Skin manifestations of sarcoidosis","volume":"41","author":"Ma\u00f1\u00e1","year":"2012","journal-title":"Presse Med"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_368_2024\/ref-12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1097\/00000372-199906000-00004","article-title":"Epidermal changes in cutaneous lesions of sarcoidosis","volume":"21","author":"Okamoto","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Dermatopathol"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_368_2024\/ref-13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.14218","article-title":"The natural history of cutaneous sarcoidosis. Clinical spectrum and histological analysis of 40 cases","volume":"58","author":"Garc\u00eda-Colmenero","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_368_2024\/ref-14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1684\/ejd.2015.2666","article-title":"Prognostic value of skin lesions in sarcoidosis: Clinical and histopathological clues","volume":"25","author":"Esteves","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_368_2024\/ref-15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0560.2006.00563.x","article-title":"Clinical spectrum and histological analysis of 32 cases of specific cutaneous sarcoidosis","volume":"33","author":"Mangas","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Cutan Pathol"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_368_2024\/ref-16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0303-6987.2004.00157.x","article-title":"The histologic spectrum of cutaneous sarcoidosis: A study of twenty-eight cases","volume":"31","author":"Ball","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Cutan Pathol"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_368_2024\/ref-17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0560.1988.tb00541.x","article-title":"Subcutaneous sarcoidosis with extensive caseation necrosis","volume":"15","author":"Kuramoto","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Cutan Pathol"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_368_2024\/ref-18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.3109\/09546630903440098","article-title":"Clinical and histopathological analysis of specific lesions of cutaneous sarcoidosis in Korean patients","volume":"22","author":"Jung","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Dermatolog Treat"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_368_2024\/ref-19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e11616","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000011616","article-title":"Borderline tuberculoid leprosy mimicking sarcoidosis: A case report","volume":"97","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_368_2024\/ref-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_30_18","article-title":"Leprosy or sarcoidosis? A diagnostic dilemma!","volume":"7","author":"Malkani","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Family Med Prim Care"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_368_2024\/ref-21","first-page":"275","article-title":"Systemic sarcoidosis in a case of lepromatous leprosy: A case report","volume":"80","author":"Sharma","year":"2008","journal-title":"Indian J Lepr"}],"container-title":["Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ijdvl.com\/clinico-histopathological-review-of-cutaneous-sarcoidosis-a-retrospective-descriptive-study\/","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ijdvl.com\/clinico-histopathological-review-of-cutaneous-sarcoidosis-a-retrospective-descriptive-study\/","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,19]],"date-time":"2025-04-19T04:20:31Z","timestamp":1745036431000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ijdvl.com\/clinico-histopathological-review-of-cutaneous-sarcoidosis-a-retrospective-descriptive-study\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]]},"references-count":21,"alternative-id":["10.25259\/IJDVL_368_2024"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25259\/ijdvl_368_2024","relation":{},"ISSN":["0973-3922","0378-6323"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0973-3922","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0378-6323","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]]},"article-number":"305"}}