{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T02:11:27Z","timestamp":1790993487956,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Scientific Scholar","content-domain":{"domain":["ijdvl.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Vitiligo is an acquired disorder of pigmentation with an elusive pathogenesis, though various theories have been proposed. The presence of peri-lesional autoreactive CD8+ T cell infiltrate suggests the involvement of abnormal immune responses and autoimmunity in vitiligo. Recent studies have identified the IFN-\u03b3-CXCL9\/CXCL-10 axis as a key component of the autoimmune response that perpetuates disease activity in vitiligo.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The primary objective was to estimate serum CXCL9 and CXCL10 levels in vitiligo patients compared to age- and sex-matched controls. Additionally, the study aimed to find correlations between CXCL9 and CXCL10 levels and disease severity and stability. Secondary objectives included comparing levels in segmental\/nonsegmental vitiligo and stable\/progressive vitiligo and assessing the impact of age and gender.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A hospital-based cross-sectional study included 60 vitiligo patients and 30 age- and sex-matched controls. Serum levels of CXCL9 and CXCL10 were assessed using Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Cases were clinically evaluated for the type of vitiligo (segmental or non-segmental), disease severity (VASI score), and disease stability (VIDA score). Statistical analysis included t-tests, chi-square tests, and correlation coefficients. P value less than 0.5 was taken as significant.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Serum CXCL9 and CXCL10, both, were significantly raised in vitiligo patients as compared to controls (p-value = 0.001* &amp; 0.001* respectively) and correlated positively with both VASI score (p-value = 0.001<jats:sup>*<\/jats:sup> &amp; 0.001<jats:sup>*<\/jats:sup> respectively) and with VIDA score (p-value = 0.032<jats:sup>*<\/jats:sup> &amp; 0.001<jats:sup>*<\/jats:sup> respectively). Serum CXCL10 showed significant elevation in progressive vitiligo, and CXCL9 exhibited a non-significant trend. No significant difference was observed between segmental and non-segmental vitiligo. Both chemokines positively correlated with disease severity and stability, while age and gender did not significantly impact chemokine levels.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Limitations<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Small sample size of control population. The voluntary sampling technique led to an unequal number of patients in progressive and stable vitiligo groups, as well as in segmental and non-segmental groups. The current study did not include blister fluid analysis and the effect of therapy on the chemokine levels.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The expression of chemokines CXCL9 and CXCL10 is markedly increased and correlates positively with disease severity and instability, underscoring their mechanistic role in vitiligo pathogenesis. The values were also higher in the progressive group than in the stable group, inferring their conceivable potential as serum biomarkers.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p>*represents statistically significant results<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.25259\/ijdvl_793_2023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,11]],"date-time":"2024-07-11T07:14:28Z","timestamp":1720682068000},"page":"9-15","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25259\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Differential expression of serum CXCL9 and CXCL10 levels in vitiligo patients and their correlation with disease severity and stability: A cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.25259","volume":"91","author":[{"given":"Shayna","family":"Aulakh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Venereology, Leprology, Government Medical College, Patiala, India"},{"name":"Both authors contributed equally to the article."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seema","family":"Goel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Venereology, Leprology, Government Medical College, Patiala, India"},{"name":"Both authors contributed equally to the article."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Loveleen","family":"Kaur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Mata Kaushalya Hospital, Patiala, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samridhi","family":"Gulati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Venereology, Leprology, Government Medical College, Patiala, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maninder","family":"Kaur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Government Medical College, Patiala, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimple","family":"Chopra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Venereology, Leprology, Government Medical College, Patiala, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rishu","family":"Sarangal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Venereology, Leprology, Government Medical College, Patiala, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jayati","family":"Batra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Mata Kaushalya Hospital, Patiala, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10894","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_793_2023\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-148X.2012.00997.x","article-title":"Revised classification\/nomenclature of vitiligo and related issues: The vitiligo global issues consensus conference","volume":"25","author":"Ezzedine","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pigment Cell Melanoma Res"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_793_2023\/ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0163806","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0163806","article-title":"The prevalence of vitiligo: a meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_793_2023\/ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-017-8622-7","article-title":"Vitiligo: focus on clinical aspects, immunopathogenesis, and therapy","volume":"54","author":"Boniface","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Rev Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_793_2023\/ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-70419-7_8","article-title":"Recent advances in pathogenesis and medical management of vitiligo","volume-title":"Pigmentary skin disorders","author":"Razmi","year":"2018","edition":"1st ed"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_793_2023\/ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2012.10886.x","article-title":"Study of clinical, biochemical and immunological factors determining stability of disease in patients with generalized vitiligo undergoing melanocyte transplantation","volume":"166","author":"Rao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_793_2023\/ref-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1869","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2011.463","article-title":"A mouse model of vitiligo with focused epidermal depigmentation requires IFN-\u03b3 for autoreactive CD8+ T-cell accumulation in the skin","volume":"132","author":"Harris","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_793_2023\/ref-7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctrv.2017.11.007","article-title":"CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11\/CXCR3 axis for immune activation\u2013a target for novel cancer therapy","volume":"63","author":"Tokunaga","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Treat Rev"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_793_2023\/ref-8","first-page":"1031","article-title":"The role of chemokine CXC-motif receptor 3 in vitiligo: a clinical and immunohistochemical study","volume":"33","author":"Farag","year":"2020","journal-title":"Menoufia Med J"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_793_2023\/ref-9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2010.12.017","article-title":"CXCR3 in T cell function","volume":"317","author":"Groom","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exp Cell Res"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_793_2023\/ref-10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.5021\/ad.2019.31.4.393","article-title":"Increased circulating CXCL10 in non-segmental vitiligo concomitant with autoimmune thyroid disease and alopecia areata","volume":"31","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Dermatol"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_793_2023\/ref-11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.14004","article-title":"Role of chemokines and the corresponding receptors in vitiligo: A pilot study","volume":"45","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_793_2023\/ref-12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.14416","article-title":"Increased expression of CXCR3 and its ligands in patients with vitiligo and CXCL10 as a potential clinical marker for vitiligo","volume":"174","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_793_2023\/ref-13","first-page":"121","volume-title":"Methods in biostatistics for medical students and research worker","author":"Mahajan","year":"2018","edition":"9th ed"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_793_2023\/ref-14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.140.6.677","article-title":"Parametric modeling of narrowband UV-B phototherapy for vitiligo, using a novel quantitative tool: The vitiligo area scoring index","volume":"140","author":"Hamzavi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_793_2023\/ref-15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.135.4.407","article-title":"Association of the Kobner phenomenon with disease activity and therapeutic responsiveness in vitiligo vulgaris","volume":"135","author":"Njoo","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_793_2023\/ref-16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1111\/pcmr.12559","article-title":"Differential expression of CXCL 9, CXCL 10, and IFN\u2010\u03b3 in vitiligo and alopecia areata patients","volume":"30","author":"Maouia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pigment Cell Melanoma Res"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_793_2023\/ref-17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604591","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.604591","article-title":"Immunosenescence study of T cells: A systematic review","volume":"11","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_793_2023\/ref-18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2016.90","article-title":"Sex differences in immune responses","volume":"16","author":"Klein","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_793_2023\/ref-19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2220","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2009.32","article-title":"Autoimmune destruction of skin melanocytes by perilesional T cells from vitiligo patients","volume":"129","author":"Luiten","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_793_2023\/ref-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1097\/00008390-199704000-00001","article-title":"Melanosomal proteins as melanoma-specific immune targets","volume":"7","author":"Sakai","year":"1997","journal-title":"Melanoma Res"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_793_2023\/ref-21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0749.2005.00244.x","article-title":"Melanocyte\u2010specific, cytotoxic T cell responses in vitiligo: the effective variant of melanoma immunity?","volume":"18","author":"Garbelli","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pigment Cell Res"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_793_2023\/ref-22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1097\/01.lab.0000069521.42488.1b","article-title":"Immunopolarization of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells to Type-1-like is associated with melanocyte loss in human vitiligo","volume":"83","author":"Wan\u0301kowicz-Kalin\u0301ska","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lab Invest"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_793_2023\/ref-23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.2001.01363.x","article-title":"HLA-A2 restricted, melanocyte-specific CD8+ T lymphocytes detected in vitiligo patients are related to disease activity and are predominantly directed against MelanA\/MART1","volume":"116","author":"Lang","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_793_2023\/ref-24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.2003.12413.x","article-title":"Cytotoxic T lymphocyte reactivity to gp100, MelanA\/MART-1, and tyrosinase, in HLA-A2-positive vitiligo patients","volume":"121","author":"Mandelcorn-Monson","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_793_2023\/ref-25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-019-01996-9","article-title":"Predominant role of innate pro-inflammatory cytokines in vitiligo disease","volume":"312","author":"Gholijani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol Res"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_793_2023\/ref-26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2220","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2009.32","article-title":"Autoimmune destruction of skin melanocytes by perilesional T cells from vitiligo patients","volume":"129","author":"Van Den Boorn","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_793_2023\/ref-27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2776(07)96002-2","article-title":"Regulation of interferon\u2010\u03b3 during innate and adaptive immune responses","volume":"96","author":"Schoenborn","year":"2007","journal-title":"Adv Immunol"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_793_2023\/ref-28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.f.213","article-title":"Orchestrating the orchestrators: chemokines in control of T cell traffic","volume":"9","author":"Bromley","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_793_2023\/ref-29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1080\/1744666X.2019.1550358","article-title":"Cytokines: the yin and yang of vitiligo pathogenesis","volume":"15","author":"Singh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert Rev Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_793_2023\/ref-30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223ra23","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3007811","article-title":"CXCL10 is critical for the progression and maintenance of depigmentation in a mouse model of vitiligo","volume":"6","author":"Rashighi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_793_2023\/ref-31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2016.09.016","article-title":"Keratinocyte-derived chemokines orchestrate T-cell positioning in the epidermis during vitiligo and may serve as biomarkers of disease","volume":"137","author":"Richmond","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_793_2023\/ref-32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.15604","article-title":"Clinical visible signs of disease activity in vitiligo: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"33","author":"Van Geel","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"}],"container-title":["Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ijdvl.com\/differential-expression-of-serum-cxcl9-and-cxcl10-levels-in-vitiligo-patients-and-their-correlation-with-disease-severity-and-stability-a-cross-sectional-study\/","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ijdvl.com\/differential-expression-of-serum-cxcl9-and-cxcl10-levels-in-vitiligo-patients-and-their-correlation-with-disease-severity-and-stability-a-cross-sectional-study\/","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,24]],"date-time":"2024-12-24T11:31:39Z","timestamp":1735039899000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ijdvl.com\/differential-expression-of-serum-cxcl9-and-cxcl10-levels-in-vitiligo-patients-and-their-correlation-with-disease-severity-and-stability-a-cross-sectional-study\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]]},"references-count":32,"alternative-id":["10.25259\/IJDVL_793_2023"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25259\/ijdvl_793_2023","relation":{},"ISSN":["0973-3922","0378-6323"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0973-3922","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0378-6323","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]]},"article-number":"9"}}