{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T01:45:05Z","timestamp":1791337505382,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Scientific Scholar","content-domain":{"domain":["ijdvl.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["IJDVL"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"st1\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Primary palmar hyperhidrosis causes a lot of problems for patients and negatively affects their quality of life. Currently, iontophoresis with tap water and aluminum chloride hexahydrate is used for primary palmar hyperhidrosis. Yet, little evidence exists about iontophoresis with aluminum chloride hexahydrate in the form of gel. This study investigated the effect of aluminum chloride hexahydrate gel iontophoresis compared to tap water iontophoresis on primary palmar hyperhidrosis.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"st2\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>In this randomised controlled trial study, 32 patients with primary palmar hyperhidrosis were divided randomly into two groups (n = 16). Participants received 7 sessions of iontophoresis with aluminum chloride hexahydrate gel or tap water every other day on the dominant hand. The sweating rate was measured by gravimetry and iodine\u2013starch tests before and after the last treatment session.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"st3\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Following the iontophoresis, the rate of sweating in both hands in the two groups was significantly reduced (P &lt; 0.001). However, the sweating rate in the treated hand and the non-treated hand showed no significant difference. There was no significant difference observed in sweating rate reduction between both groups over time, but the larger effect size values observed in the aluminum chloride hexahydrate gel iontophoresis group may suggest the superiority of this gel over tap water in reducing the rate of sweating.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"st4\">\n<jats:title>Limitations<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Further investigations with longer follow-up are needed to confirm the hypothesis regarding the effectiveness of aluminum chloride hexahydrate gel iontophoresis over other types of iontophoresis. In addition, contraindications of iontophoresis such as pregnancy, pacemakers, and epilepsy should be considered.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"st5\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The present study provides preliminary evidence suggesting that aluminum chloride hexahydrate gel iontophoresis is an effective alternative treatment to decrease sweating rate in extended areas with fewer side effects in patients with primary palmar hyperhidrosis.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.25259\/ijdvl_975_2022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,3]],"date-time":"2023-07-03T04:23:01Z","timestamp":1688358181000},"page":"52-58","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25259\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["A comparative evaluation of aluminum chloride hexahydrate gel iontophoresis versus tap water iontophoresis in people with primary palmar hyperhidrosis: A randomised clinical trial"],"prefix":"10.25259","volume":"90","author":[{"given":"Seyed","family":"Majid Hosseini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiotherapy Research Center, School of Rehabilitation, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elham","family":"Ghandali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiotherapy Research Center, School of Rehabilitation, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamid","family":"Reza Moghimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khosro","family":"Khademi-Kalantari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiotherapy Research Center, School of Rehabilitation, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saeed","family":"Talebian Moghaddam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alireza","family":"Akbarzadeh Baghban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Proteomics Research Center, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seyedeh","family":"Maryam Mortazavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10894","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_975_2022\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1097\/MOP.0000000000000108","article-title":"Hyperhidrosis: review of recent advances and new therapeutic options for primary hyperhidrosis","volume":"26","author":"Brown","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pediatr"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_975_2022\/ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.24966\/NCP-878X\/100001","article-title":"Palmar hyperhidrosis","volume":"1","author":"Leung","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neonatol Clin Pediatr"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_975_2022\/ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mjafi.2014.01.008","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of botulinum toxin versus iontophoresis with topical aluminium chloride hexahydrate in treatment of palmar hyperhidrosis","volume":"70","author":"Rajagopal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med J Armed Forces India"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_975_2022\/ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2011.04173.x","article-title":"Primary focal hyperhidrosis: current treatment options and a step\u2010by\u2010step approach","volume":"26","author":"Hoorens","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_975_2022\/ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yacs.2020.01.014","article-title":"Hyperhidrosis: a review and treatment options","volume":"3","author":"Hoverson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Advances in Cosmetic Surgery"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_975_2022\/ref-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1007\/s10286-013-0201-2","article-title":"Gravimetry in sweating assessment in primary hyperhidrosis and healthy individuals","volume":"23","author":"Stefaniak","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Auton Res"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_975_2022\/ref-7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.det.2014.06.009","article-title":"Iontophoresis for palmar and plantar hyperhidrosis","volume":"32","author":"Pariser","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dermatol Clin"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_975_2022\/ref-8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.1040708","article-title":"Focal hyperhidrosis: diagnosis and management","volume":"172","author":"Haider","year":"2005","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_975_2022\/ref-9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2011.04197.x","article-title":"Efficacy of iontophoresis with glycopyrronium bromide for treatment of primary palmar hyperhidrosis","volume":"26","author":"Chia","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_975_2022\/ref-10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1208\/pt0804120","article-title":"Enhancement of iontophoretic transport of diphenhydramine hydrochloride thermosensitive gel by optimization of pH, polymer concentration, electrode design, and pulse rate","volume":"8","author":"Kotwal","year":"2007","journal-title":"AAPS PharmSciTech"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_975_2022\/ref-11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2009.05.250","article-title":"A novel gel based vehicle for the delivery of acetylcholine in quantitative sudomotor axon reflex testing","volume":"150","author":"Sletten","year":"2009","journal-title":"Auton Neurosci"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_975_2022\/ref-12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2010.05.005","article-title":"Comparison of a gel versus solution-based vehicle for the delivery of acetylcholine in QSART","volume":"158","author":"Sletten","year":"2010","journal-title":"Auton Neurosci"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_975_2022\/ref-13","first-page":"641","article-title":"The effect and persistency of 1% aluminum chloride hexahydrate iontophoresis in the treatment of primary palmar hyperhidrosis","volume":"10","author":"Kalantari","year":"2011","journal-title":"Iran J Pharm Res"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_975_2022\/ref-14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2003.12.029","article-title":"Recognition, diagnosis, and treatment of primary focal hyperhidrosis","volume":"51","author":"Hornberger","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_975_2022\/ref-15","first-page":"5406","article-title":"In situ gel: a novel drug delivery system","volume":"4","author":"Patil","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indo Am J Pharm Res"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_975_2022\/ref-16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2013.07.078","article-title":"Gelation behavior of in situ forming gels based on HPMC and biphasic calcium phosphate nanoparticles","volume":"99","author":"Seyedlar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Carbohydr Polym"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_975_2022\/ref-17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-0960.2008.00441.x","article-title":"Effect and persistency of botulinum toxin iontophoresis in the treatment of palmar hyperhidrosis","volume":"49","author":"Davarian","year":"2008","journal-title":"Australas J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_975_2022\/ref-18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surge.2010.06.002","article-title":"Hyperhidrosis: evolving concepts and a comprehensive review","volume":"8","author":"Vorkamp","year":"2010","journal-title":"Surgeon"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_975_2022\/ref-19","first-page":"74","article-title":"Statistical power analysis Jbr the behavioral","volume":"18","author":"Cohen","year":"1988","journal-title":"Sciences Hillsdale (NJ): Lawrence Erlbaum Associates"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_975_2022\/ref-20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.22237\/jmasm\/1257035100","article-title":"New effect size rules of thumb","volume":"8","author":"Sawilowsky","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Modern Applied Statistical Methods"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_975_2022\/ref-21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1470.2009.00949.x","article-title":"Palmar hyperhidrosis: long\u2010term follow\u2010up of nine children and adolescents treated with botulinum toxin type A","volume":"26","author":"Coutinho dos Santos","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatr Dermatol"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_975_2022\/ref-22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1987.01660310061015","article-title":"Treatment of excess sweating of the palms by iontophoresis","volume":"123","author":"Stolman","year":"1987","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_975_2022\/ref-23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2004.12.008","article-title":"Transdermal iontophoresis: combination strategies to improve transdermal iontophoretic drug delivery","volume":"60","author":"Wang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur J Pharm Biopharm"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_975_2022\/ref-24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.4103\/0378-6323.16613","article-title":"Iontophoresis in dermatology","volume":"71","author":"Rai","year":"2005","journal-title":"Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_975_2022\/ref-25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/0190-9622(90)70031-c","article-title":"A new strategy of iontophoresis for hyperhidrosis","volume":"22","author":"Shen","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_975_2022\/ref-26","first-page":"346","article-title":"Treatment of hyperhidrosis manuum by tap water iontophoresis","volume":"69","author":"Dahl","year":"1988","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereol"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_975_2022\/ref-27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-4362.2002.01473.x","article-title":"Safe control of palmoplantar hyperhidrosis with direct electrical current","volume":"41","author":"Karako\u00e7","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJDVL_975_2022\/ref-28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2004.02122.x","article-title":"Placebo\u2010controlled evaluation of direct electrical current administration for palmoplantar hyperhidrosis","volume":"43","author":"Karakoc","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"}],"container-title":["Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ijdvl.com\/a-comparative-evaluation-of-aluminum-chloride-hexahydrate-gel-iontophoresis-versus-tap-water-iontophoresis-in-people-with-primary-palmar-hyperhidrosis-a-randomized-clinical-trial\/","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ijdvl.com\/a-comparative-evaluation-of-aluminum-chloride-hexahydrate-gel-iontophoresis-versus-tap-water-iontophoresis-in-people-with-primary-palmar-hyperhidrosis-a-randomized-clinical-trial\/","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,24]],"date-time":"2023-12-24T20:10:34Z","timestamp":1703448634000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ijdvl.com\/a-comparative-evaluation-of-aluminum-chloride-hexahydrate-gel-iontophoresis-versus-tap-water-iontophoresis-in-people-with-primary-palmar-hyperhidrosis-a-randomized-clinical-trial\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,30]]},"references-count":28,"alternative-id":["10.25259\/IJDVL_975_2022"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25259\/ijdvl_975_2022","relation":{},"ISSN":["0973-3922","0378-6323"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0973-3922","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0378-6323","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,30]]},"article-number":"52"}}