{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T17:59:05Z","timestamp":1770055145595,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Global Health and Education Projects, Inc","content-domain":{"domain":["mchandaids.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["IJMA"],"abstract":"\n Background and Objective:<\/jats:title>\n Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) care programs in resource-limited settings reserve counseling and referral for individuals with identified mental illness for those with HIV virological treatment failure (VTF). Adolescence is a period that may increase the likelihood of internalizing psychiatric disorders (IPDs). We assessed the relationship between HIV VTF and symptoms of IPDs among adolescents and young adults (AYA) living with HIV in Gaborone, Botswana.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods:<\/jats:title>\n A cross-sectional study was conducted in Botswana from December 2018 to December 2019 among AYA living with HIV aged 12\u201324 years. Logistic regression analysis was used to examine relationships between age, sex, and HIV VTF (\u2265400 copies\/mL) and clinically relevant IPD symptoms, namely, depression (Patient Health Questionnaire-9 score of \u226510) and anxiety (Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 score of \u226510).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n Of 553 participants, most were aged 16\u201319 years (53%) with an equal sex distribution; the minority had VTF using HIV viral load (VL) cutoff levels of \u2265400 copies\/mL (11%). Close to one-sixth (15%) had clinical depression symptoms; participants aged 16\u201319 years and 20\u201324 years were more likely to have clinically relevant depression symptoms when compared to participants who were aged 12\u201315 years (odds ratio [OR] 3.160, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.094\u20139.123 and OR 4.748, 95% CI 1.624\u201313.877,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.0117, for participants aged 15\u2013 19 years and 20\u201324 years, respectively). Participants with clinically relevant anxiety symptoms (11%) or both clinically relevant anxiety and depression symptoms (8%) did not differ from those without these symptoms by age, gender, or VTF status. Similar results were observed using HIV VL cutoff levels of <1000 copies\/mL.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion and Global Health Implications:<\/jats:title>\n HIV VTF may be a poor proxy for mental well-being among AYAs receiving HIV. Universal screening should be considered for AYA receiving care for HIV.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.25259\/ijma_45_2024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,9]],"date-time":"2025-05-09T08:27:04Z","timestamp":1746779224000},"page":"e007","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25259\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["HIV Virologic Suppression and Mental Well-being in Adolescents and Young Adults Living with HIV"],"prefix":"10.21106","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Barbara","family":"Burmen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Botswana-UPenn Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gregory","family":"Kurtzman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anthony A.","family":"Olashore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leyla","family":"Baghirova-Busang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ohemaa","family":"Poku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HIV Center for Clinical and Behavioral Studies, New York State Psychiatric Institute and Columbia University, NewYork, United States"},{"name":"Columbia-WHO Center for Global Mental Health, Columbia, Indiana, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Phenyo","family":"Morakanyane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ontibile","family":"Tshume","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Botswana-Baylor Children\u2019s Clinical Centre of Excellence, Gaborone, Botswana, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Onkemetse","family":"Phoi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Botswana-Baylor Children\u2019s Clinical Centre of Excellence, Gaborone, Botswana, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mogomotsi","family":"Matshaba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Botswana-Baylor Children\u2019s Clinical Centre of Excellence, Gaborone, Botswana, United States"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth D.","family":"Lowenthal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, United States"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, United States,"},{"name":"Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia Global Health Center, Philadelphia, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Knashawn H.","family":"Morales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Merrian J.","family":"Brooks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Botswana-UPenn Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana, United States"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania 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