{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T17:44:06Z","timestamp":1765215846840,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Scientific Scholar","content-domain":{"domain":["ijmr.org.in"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Indian J Med Res"],"abstract":"\n Background & objectives<\/jats:title>\n The COVID-19 pandemic came up with distinct challenges for patients with rheumatoid arthritis indicating higher risk of infection and severity due to SARS-CoV-2. In this study, we performed the immunotyping of humoral and cell-mediated responses in patients with rheumatoid arthritis to assess characteristics and durability of Covid vaccine-induced immune memory.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n We enrolled 50 individuals with rheumatoid arthritis who had received SARS COV-2 vaccine (Covaxin\/Covishield). Of these 26 were assessed within six months of the second vaccine dose (T1) and 24 were evaluated 6\u20139 months after the third dose (T2). Serum IgG titres were measured using chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay (CLIA), and lymphocyte immunophenotyping.\n In vitro<\/jats:italic>\n challenge with the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein was performed using flow cytometry.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Patients vaccinated with Covishield showed significantly higher IgG titres and elevated levels of cytokines such as TNF\u03b1 and IFN\u03b3 compared to those vaccinated with Covaxin. The Covishield group also exhibited a higher percentage of antigen-specific and inflammatory T cell subsets, contributing to the overall cytokine pool in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.\n In vitro<\/jats:italic>\n stimulation with the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein further activated lymphocytes in Covishield-vaccinated individuals.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Interpretation & conclusions<\/jats:title>\n Our study presents the increased effectiveness of Covishield in initiating responses compared to Covaxin. Covishield vaccinated patients with rheumatoid arthritis show higher antigen specificity and T cell activation indicating a shift of the immune system towards a Th1 phenotype, which makes it imperative to focus on development of safe and durable vaccines with a continuous follow up for the patients with rheumatoid arthritis to control disease severity.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.25259\/ijmr_1010_2025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,29]],"date-time":"2025-11-29T09:26:48Z","timestamp":1764408408000},"page":"520-528","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25259\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["SARS-CoV-2 vaccine induced humoral & cell-mediated immune responses in Indian cohort of rheumatoid arthritis"],"prefix":"10.25259","volume":"162","author":[{"given":"Nitish","family":"Swain","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Archana","family":"Tripathy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunogenomics and Systems Biology laboratory, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Biswajit","family":"Sahoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Prasanta","family":"Padhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sunil Kumar","family":"Raghav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunogenomics and Systems Biology laboratory, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bhawna","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"10894","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1010_2025\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1620\/tjem.250.271","article-title":"The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic","volume":"250","author":"Baloch","year":"2020","journal-title":"Tohoku J Exp 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