{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T19:34:37Z","timestamp":1791488077689,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Scientific Scholar","content-domain":{"domain":["ijmr.org.in"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Indian J Med Res"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease caused by various species of the <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> parasite, manifesting in visceral (VL), cutaneous (CL), and mucocutaneous (MCL) forms. To combat this debilitating disease, various vaccines candidates including proteins, DNA, vectors, adjuvants, and recombinant whole parasites have been developed and tested experimentally and preclinically against several <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> species. Some vaccines have already entered human clinical trials. These vaccines aim to induce protective immunity using specific antigens. This review examines all efforts to develop recombinant vaccines against the parasite, analyzing successes including commercially available canine vaccines and the overall challenges faced in the quest to eradicate the disease. Additionally, recent advances in vaccine delivery systems, such as viral vectors and non-pathogenic bacteria, offer promising avenues to enhance immunogenicity and improve the targeted delivery of antigens, potentially leading to more effective and long-lasting immune responses. By understanding past and current efforts, future strategies can be refined to create more effective vaccines and ultimately control or eradicate this parasitic disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.25259\/ijmr_1040_2024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,28]],"date-time":"2024-11-28T07:33:45Z","timestamp":1732779225000},"page":"323-337","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25259\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["An update on recombinant vaccines against leishmaniasis"],"prefix":"10.25259","volume":"160","author":[{"given":"Shital","family":"Shital","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, Jamia Hamdard, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evanka","family":"Madan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angamuthu","family":"Selvapandiyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, Jamia Hamdard, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nirmal","family":"Kumar Ganguly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10894","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1040_2024\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631460","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/631460","article-title":"Immunity to visceral leishmaniasis using genetically defined live-attenuated parasites","volume":"2012","author":"Selvapandiyan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Trop Med"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1040_2024\/ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1997","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(78)90231-X","article-title":"Beta1 and beta2 receptor mechanisms in rat jugular veins: differences between norepinephrine and isoproterenol-induced relaxation","volume":"23","author":"Cohen","year":"1978","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1040_2024\/ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2005191118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2005191118","article-title":"Delivery of mRNA vaccine with a lipid-like material potentiates antitumor efficacy through Toll-like receptor 4 signaling","volume":"118","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc Nat Acad Sci"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1040_2024\/ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.6026\/97320630009832","article-title":"A comprehensive analysis of LACK (Leishmania homologue of receptors for activated C kinase) in the context of Visceral Leishmaniasis","volume":"9","author":"Sinha","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bioinformation"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1040_2024\/ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3988","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.7.3988-3994.2003","article-title":"Immune responses induced by the Leishmania (Leishmania) donovani A2 antigen, but not by the LACK antigen, are protective against experimental Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis Infection","volume":"71","author":"Coelho","year":"2003","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1040_2024\/ref-6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0262158","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0262158","article-title":"The role of Leishmania GP63 in the modulation of innate inflammatory response to Leishmania major infection","volume":"16","author":"Chan","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1040_2024\/ref-7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2012.05.014","article-title":"Leishmania virulence factors: focus on the metalloprotease GP63","volume":"14","author":"Olivier","year":"2012","journal-title":"Microbes Infect"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1040_2024\/ref-8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.11.094","article-title":"A prime\/boost DNA\/Modified vaccinia virus Ankara vaccine expressing recombinant Leishmania DNA encoding TRYP is safe and immunogenic in outbred dogs, the reservoir of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"27","author":"Carson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1040_2024\/ref-9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7719","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0900132","article-title":"Ubiquitin conjugation of open reading frame F DNA vaccine leads to enhanced cell-mediated immune response and induces protection against both antimony-susceptible and -resistant strains of Leishmania donovani","volume":"183","author":"Sharma","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1040_2024\/ref-10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12147","article-title":"Immune response in susceptible <scp>BALB<\/scp> \/c mice immunized with <scp>DNA<\/scp> encoding Lipophosphoglycan 3 of Leishmania infantum","volume":"36","author":"Pirdel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1040_2024\/ref-11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1586\/14760584.7.6.833","article-title":"FML vaccine against canine visceral leishmaniasis: from second-generation to synthetic vaccine","volume":"7","author":"Palatnik-de-Sousa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Expert Rev Vaccines"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1040_2024\/ref-12","first-page":"1493","article-title":"Immunization against Leishmania major infection in BALB\/c mice using a subunit-based DNA vaccine derived from TSA, LmSTI1, KMP11, and LACK predominant antigens","volume":"22","author":"Jajarmi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Iran J Basic Med Sci"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1040_2024\/ref-13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0003914","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003914","article-title":"Efficacy of recombinant canine distemper virus expressing leishmania antigen against leishmania challenge in dogs","volume":"9","author":"Miura","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1040_2024\/ref-14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e127801","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12780","article-title":"Immunogenicity of HLA\u2010DR1 and HLA\u2010A2 peptides derived from Leishmania major Gp63 in golden hamsters","volume":"42","author":"Silva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1040_2024\/ref-15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4863","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2006.03.005","article-title":"Immunotherapy against visceral leishmaniasis with the nucleoside hydrolase-DNA vaccine of Leishmania donovani","volume":"24","author":"Gamboaleon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1040_2024\/ref-16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1928","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2005.10.052","article-title":"Immunogenicity of a multicomponent DNA vaccine against visceral leishmaniasis in dogs","volume":"24","author":"Saldarriaga","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1040_2024\/ref-17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir842","article-title":"Therapeutic vaccination with recombinant adenovirus reduces splenic parasite burden in experimental visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"205","author":"Maroof","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1040_2024\/ref-18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2016.06.010","article-title":"Comparing Montanide ISA 720 and 50-V2 adjuvants formulated with LmSTI1 protein of Leishmania major indicated the potential cytokine patterns for induction of protective immune responses in BALB\/c mice","volume":"76","author":"Shokri","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol Immunol"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1040_2024\/ref-19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e97319","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0097319","article-title":"Leishmania Eukaryotic Initiation Factor (LeIF) Inhibits parasite growth in murine macrophages","volume":"9","author":"Koutsoni","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1040_2024\/ref-20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7160","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.174.11.7160","article-title":"Kinetoplastid Membrane Protein-11 DNA vaccination induces complete protection against both pentavalent antimonial-sensitive and -resistant strains of Leishmania donovani that correlates with inducible nitric oxide synthase activity and IL-4 generation: evidence for mixed Th1- and Th2-like responses in visceral Leishmaniasis","volume":"174","author":"Basu","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1040_2024\/ref-21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2009.09.114","article-title":"Recombinant Leishmania tarentolae expressing the A2 virulence gene as a novel candidate vaccine against visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"28","author":"Mizbani","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1040_2024\/ref-22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.05.091","article-title":"Epitope mapping and protective immunity elicited by adenovirus expressing the Leishmania amastigote specific A2 antigen: Correlation with IFN-\u03b3 and cytolytic activity by CD8+ T cells","volume":"26","author":"Resende","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1040_2024\/ref-23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2007.05.012","article-title":"Evaluation of immune responses and protection induced by A2 and nucleoside hydrolase (NH) DNA vaccines against Leishmania chagasi and Leishmania amazonensis experimental infections","volume":"9","author":"Zanin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Microbes Infect"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1040_2024\/ref-24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2853","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002853","article-title":"Clinical and parasitological protection in a leishmania infantum-macaque model vaccinated with adenovirus and the recombinant A2 antigen","volume":"8","author":"Grimaldi","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1040_2024\/ref-25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5888","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.05.095","article-title":"Protective immunity against challenge with Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi in beagle dogs vaccinated with recombinant A2 protein","volume":"26","author":"Fernandes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1040_2024\/ref-26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.13382","article-title":"Commercially approved vaccines for canine leishmaniosis: a review of available data on their safety and efficacy","volume":"25","author":"Velez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1040_2024\/ref-27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2012.05.002","article-title":"Making an anti-amastigote vaccine for visceral leishmaniasis: rational, update and perspectives","volume":"15","author":"Fernandes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Opin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1040_2024\/ref-28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5964","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2009.07.069","article-title":"The chimerical multi-component Q protein from Leishmania in the absence of adjuvant protects dogs against an experimental Leishmania infantum infection","volume":"27","author":"Carcel\u00e9n","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1040_2024\/ref-29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1972","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2018.02.111","article-title":"A large-scale field randomized trial demonstrates safety and efficacy of the vaccine LetiFend\u00ae against canine leishmaniosis","volume":"36","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez Cotrina","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1040_2024\/ref-30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290ra90","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aaa3043","article-title":"A sand fly salivary protein vaccine shows efficacy against vector-transmitted cutaneous leishmaniasis in nonhuman primates","volume":"7","author":"Oliveira","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1040_2024\/ref-31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3213","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003213","article-title":"A randomized, double-blind, controlled efficacy trial of the LiESP\/QA-21 vaccine in na\u00efve dogs exposed to two leishmania infantum transmission seasons","volume":"8","author":"Oliva","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1040_2024\/ref-32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e35","DOI":"10.1038\/cti.2015.6","article-title":"From mouse to man: safety, immunogenicity and efficacy of a candidate leishmaniasis vaccine LEISH-F3+GLA-SE","volume":"4","author":"Coler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Transl Immunology"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1040_2024\/ref-33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104826","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2024.104826","article-title":"Leishmania vaccine development: A comprehensive review","volume":"399-400","author":"Saini","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Immunol"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1040_2024\/ref-34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3716","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2005.02.009","article-title":"Protective vaccination against experimental canine visceral leishmaniasis using a combination of DNA and protein immunization with cysteine proteinases type I and II","volume":"23","author":"Rafati","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1040_2024\/ref-35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2005.11.011","article-title":"Prime-boost vaccination using cysteine proteinases type I and II of Leishmania infantum confers protective immunity in murine visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"24","author":"Rafati","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1040_2024\/ref-36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13090812","article-title":"Advances in Leishmania vaccines: current development and future prospects","volume":"13","author":"Ayala","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1040_2024\/ref-37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4648","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00394-07","article-title":"Leish-111f, a recombinant polyprotein vaccine that protects against visceral leishmaniasis by elicitation of CD4 + T Cells","volume":"75","author":"Coler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1040_2024\/ref-38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33059","DOI":"10.1038\/srep33059","article-title":"Gene deleted live attenuated Leishmania vaccine candidates against visceral leishmaniasis elicit pro-inflammatory cytokines response in human PBMCs","volume":"6","author":"Avishek","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1040_2024\/ref-39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-021-02446-x","article-title":"Preclinical validation of a live attenuated dermotropic Leishmania vaccine against vector transmitted fatal visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"4","author":"Karmakar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Commun Biol"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1040_2024\/ref-40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-022-00449-1","article-title":"Centrin-deficient Leishmania mexicana confers protection against New World cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"7","author":"Volpedo","year":"2022","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1040_2024\/ref-41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101984","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2023.101984","article-title":"Live attenuated Leishmania infantum centrin deleted mutant (LiCen) as a novel vaccine candidate: A field study on safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy against canine leishmaniasis","volume":"97","author":"Zarei","year":"2023","journal-title":"Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1040_2024\/ref-42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"Fuac041","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fuac041","article-title":"Zooming in on common immune evasion mechanisms of pathogens in phagolysosomes: potential broad-spectrum therapeutic targets against infectious diseases","volume":"47","author":"Selvapandiyan","year":"2023","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1040_2024\/ref-43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(97)00115-1","article-title":"Molecular characterization of the heat-inducible LmSTI1 protein of Leishmania major","volume":"89","author":"Webb","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1040_2024\/ref-44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2022.102577","article-title":"An alphavirus-derived self-amplifying mRNA encoding PpSP15-LmSTI1 fusion protein for the design of a vaccine against leishmaniasis","volume":"89","author":"Savar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Parasitol Int"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1040_2024\/ref-45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152085","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2021.152085","article-title":"Development of dominant epitope-based vaccines encoding Gp63, Kmp-11 and Amastin against visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"226","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1040_2024\/ref-46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvacx.2023.100403","article-title":"Crosslinked chitosan microparticles as a safe and efficient DNA carrier for intranasal vaccination against cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"15","author":"Costa Souza","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vaccine X"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1040_2024\/ref-47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5086","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-4658.2006.05506.x","article-title":"Leishmania infantum LeIF protein is an ATP\u2010dependent RNA helicase and an eIF4A\u2010like factor that inhibits translation in yeast","volume":"273","author":"Barhoumi","year":"2006","journal-title":"FEBS J"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1040_2024\/ref-48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2174\/0109298665325330240828115712","article-title":"Immunogenicity and neutralization potential of recombinant chimeric protein comprising the catalytic region of Gp63 of Leishmania and LTB against Leishmania donavani","author":"Krishnan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Protein Pept Lett"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1040_2024\/ref-49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2010.07229.x","article-title":"Localization and induction of the A2 virulence factor in Leishmania: evidence that A2 is a stress response protein","volume":"77","author":"McCall","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1040_2024\/ref-50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(01)00322-X","article-title":"Immunization with A2 protein results in a mixed Th1\/Th2 and a humoral response which protects mice against Leishmania donovani infections","volume":"20","author":"Ghosh","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1040_2024\/ref-51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.07.028","article-title":"What\u2019s behind a sand fly bite? The profound effect of sand fly saliva on host hemostasis, inflammation and immunity","volume":"28","author":"Abdeladhim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1040_2024\/ref-52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7845","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0712153105","article-title":"Immunity to a salivary protein of a sand fly vector protects against the fatal outcome of visceral leishmaniasis in a hamster model","volume":"105","author":"Gomes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad of Sci USA"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1040_2024\/ref-53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci9030116","article-title":"Humoral responses and ex vivo IFN-\u03b3 production after canine whole blood stimulation with Leishmania infantum antigen or KMP11 recombinant protein","volume":"9","author":"Mart\u00ednez-Orellana","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet Sci"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1040_2024\/ref-54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2828","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.6.2828-2836.2002","article-title":"Vaccination with plasmid DNA encoding TSA\/LmSTI1 Leishmanial fusion proteins confers protection against Leishmania major infection in susceptible BALB\/c Mice","volume":"70","author":"Campos-Neto","year":"2002","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1040_2024\/ref-55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.10.013","article-title":"DNA based vaccination with a cocktail of plasmids encoding immunodominant Leishmania (Leishmania) major antigens confers full protection in BALB\/c mice","volume":"27","author":"Ahmed","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1040_2024\/ref-56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.2144\/btn-2022-0051","article-title":"Adenovirus vector system: construction, history and therapeutic applications","volume":"73","author":"Syyam","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biotechniques"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1040_2024\/ref-57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182015000724","article-title":"Phage-fused epitopes from Leishmania infantum used as immunogenic vaccines confer partial protection against Leishmania amazonensis infection","volume":"142","author":"Costa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1040_2024\/ref-58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.1997.tb00989.x","article-title":"Murine listeriosis as a model of antimicrobial defense","volume":"158","author":"North","year":"1997","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1040_2024\/ref-59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.1997.tb00994.x","article-title":"Cytokines in the induction and expression of T\u2010cell\u2010mediated granuloma formation and protection in the murine model of listeriosis","volume":"158","author":"Mielke","year":"1997","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1040_2024\/ref-60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.3.1498-1506.2000","article-title":"Listeria monocytogenes as a short-lived delivery system for the induction of type 1 cell-mediated immunity against the p36\/LACK antigen of Leishmania major","volume":"68","author":"Soussi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1040_2024\/ref-61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2019.1678998","article-title":"Vaccines for leishmaniasis and the implications of their development for American tegumentary leishmaniasis","volume":"16","author":"Coutinho De Oliveira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum Vaccin Immunother"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1040_2024\/ref-62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-023-05651-1","article-title":"Leishmania tarentolae: a vaccine platform to target dendritic cells and a surrogate pathogen for next generation vaccine research in leishmaniases and viral infections","volume":"16","author":"Bandi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1040_2024\/ref-63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10050803","article-title":"Leishmania tarentolae as an antigen delivery platform: Dendritic cell maturation after infection with a clone engineered to express the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein","volume":"10","author":"Varotto-Boccazzi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1040_2024\/ref-64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkr834","article-title":"Genome sequencing of the lizard parasite Leishmania tarentolae reveals loss of genes associated to the intracellular stage of human pathogenic species","volume":"40","author":"Raymond","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1040_2024\/ref-65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11010111","article-title":"Vaccination with formulation of nanoparticles loaded with Leishmania amazonensis antigens confers protection against experimental visceral leishmaniasis in hamster","volume":"11","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1040_2024\/ref-66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2021.03.020","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of ChAd63-KH vaccine in post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis patients in Sudan","volume":"29","author":"Younis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Ther"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1040_2024\/ref-67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0005527","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005527","article-title":"A third generation vaccine for human visceral leishmaniasis and post kala azar dermal leishmaniasis: First-in-human trial of ChAd63-KH","volume":"11","author":"Osman","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1040_2024\/ref-68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.17951.1","article-title":"LEISH2b - A phase 2b study to assess the safety, efficacy, and immunogenicity of the Leishmania vaccine ChAd63-KH in post-kala azar dermal leishmaniasis","volume":"7","author":"Lacey","year":"2022","journal-title":"Wellcome Open Res"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1040_2024\/ref-69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4215","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.8.4215-4225.2002","article-title":"Immunization with a polyprotein vaccine consisting of the T-cell antigens thiol-specific antioxidant, Leishmania major stress-inducible protein 1, and Leishmania elongation initiation factor protects against Leishmaniasis","volume":"70","author":"Coler","year":"2002","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1040_2024\/ref-70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2010.02.089","article-title":"Treatment of canine visceral leishmaniasis by the vaccine Leish-111f+MPL-SE","volume":"28","author":"Trigo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1040_2024\/ref-71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2014.01.011","article-title":"Primary vaccination with the LiESP\/QA-21 vaccine (CaniLeish) produces a cell-mediated immune response which is still present 1 year later","volume":"158","author":"Moreno","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet Immunol Immunopathol"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1040_2024\/ref-72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1186\/1297-9716-45-69","article-title":"The protective immune response produced in dogs after primary vaccination with the LiESP\/QA-21 vaccine (CaniLeish\u00ae) remains effective against an experimental challenge one year later","volume":"45","author":"Martin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet Res"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1040_2024\/ref-73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2016.03.019","article-title":"Field randomized trial to evaluate the efficacy of the Leish-Tec \u00ae vaccine against canine visceral leishmaniasis in an endemic area of Brazil","volume":"34","author":"Regina-Silva","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1040_2024\/ref-74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639801","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.639801","article-title":"Revival of leishmanization and leishmanin","volume":"11","author":"Pacheco-Fernandez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1040_2024\/ref-75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3895","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2014.05.009","article-title":"Generation of growth arrested Leishmania amastigotes: a tool to develop live attenuated vaccine candidates against visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"32","author":"Selvapandiyan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1040_2024\/ref-76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1326369","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1326369","article-title":"Live attenuated-nonpathogenic Leishmania and DNA structures as promising vaccine platforms against leishmaniasis: innovations can make waves","volume":"15","author":"Seyed","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1040_2024\/ref-77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3461","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-17154-z","article-title":"A second generation leishmanization vaccine with a markerless attenuated Leishmania major strain using CRISPR gene editing","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1040_2024\/ref-78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102661","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2022.102661","article-title":"Identification of protein biomarkers of attenuation and immunogenicity of centrin or p27 gene deleted live vaccine candidates of Leishmania against visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"92","author":"Tandon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Parasitol Int"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1040_2024\/ref-79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25703","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M402794200","article-title":"Centrin gene disruption impairs stage-specific basal body duplication and cell cycle progression in Leishmania","volume":"279","author":"Selvapandiyan","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1040_2024\/ref-80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-022-00574-x","article-title":"Centrin-deficient Leishmania mexicana confers protection against Old World visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"7","author":"Karmakar","year":"2022","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1040_2024\/ref-81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14636","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-64592-6","article-title":"Manufacturing and preclinical toxicity of GLP grade gene deleted attenuated Leishmania donovani parasite vaccine","volume":"14","author":"Avishek","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1040_2024\/ref-82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0004963","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004963","article-title":"Live attenuated Leishmania donovani centrin knock out parasites generate non-inferior protective immune response in aged mice against visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"10","author":"Bhattacharya","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1040_2024\/ref-83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1813","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0900276","article-title":"Intracellular replication-deficient Leishmania donovani induces long lasting protective immunity against visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"183","author":"Selvapandiyan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1040_2024\/ref-84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2009.12.980","article-title":"Overview of the immune response","volume":"125","author":"Chaplin","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"}],"container-title":["The Indian Journal of Medical Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/ijmr.org.in\/an-update-on-recombinant-vaccines-against-leishmaniasis\/","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/ijmr.org.in\/an-update-on-recombinant-vaccines-against-leishmaniasis\/","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,20]],"date-time":"2024-12-20T03:29:50Z","timestamp":1734665390000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/ijmr.org.in\/an-update-on-recombinant-vaccines-against-leishmaniasis\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,27]]},"references-count":84,"alternative-id":["10.25259\/IJMR_1040_2024"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25259\/ijmr_1040_2024","relation":{},"ISSN":["0971-5916"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0971-5916","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,27]]},"article-number":"323"}}