{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T20:26:15Z","timestamp":1790108775580,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Scientific Scholar","content-domain":{"domain":["ijmr.org.in"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Indian J Med Res"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Background &amp; objectives<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Hepatitis C virus (HCV) exhibits extensive genetic diversity in infected hosts. There are few published reports of HCV genotype (GT) distribution from the north-east Indian States lying close to the \u2018Golden Triangle\u2019 known for illicit drug trafficking. Real-time knowledge of HCVGT distribution is important for studies on epidemiologic aspects and virus evolution and for the development of new target-specific, direct-acting antiviral drugs. This study aims to examine the distribution of HCVGTs and their subtypes in different risk groups from Assam, north-east India.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>It is a hospital-based cross-sectional study. Plasma samples reactive for anti-HCV antibody in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were subjected to viral load test and genotyping by real-time Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) or characterization of non-structural protein NS5B region by nested PCR. Nucleotide sequences were subjected to phylogenetic analysis.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The most common HCVGT detected was GT-3 (95.89%), followed by GT-1 (3.42%), GT-6xa (0.34%) and GT-8 (0.34%). The mean age of subjects was 30.24 yr, and males outnumbered females. The most commonly associated risk factor was injecting drug use (IDU) (74.31%), followed by tattooing and\/or piercing (33.22%), transfusion of blood\/blood products (10.27%), and haemodialysis (9.25%). Co-infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was found in 17.8 per cent, and with Hepatitis B virus (HBV) in 3.42 per cent of the cases.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Interpretation &amp; conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The detection of HCVGT-8 makes this the first report from Assam and the second from India as per the authors\u2019 knowledge. This may indicate strain\u2019s endemic nature in India. The increasing trend of HCV infection among young IDUs and HCV-HIV co-infection indicates the need for enhancing surveillance and intensified prevention efforts among young adults.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.25259\/ijmr_1222_23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,23]],"date-time":"2024-09-23T10:12:32Z","timestamp":1727086352000},"page":"43-50","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25259\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Hepatitis C virus genotypes among population with reported risk factors in Assam, north-east India: Emergence of genotype-8"],"prefix":"10.25259","volume":"160","author":[{"given":"Sagarika","family":"Das","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Gauhati Medical College and Hospital, Guwahati, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Devyashree","family":"Medhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Dhubri Medical College and Hospital, Dhubri, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anjan Jyoti","family":"Talukdar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Gauhati Medical College and Hospital, Guwahati, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dina","family":"Raja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Gauhati Medical College and Hospital, Guwahati, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kishore","family":"Sarma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computational Biology & Biotechnology, Mahapurusha Srimanta Sankaradeva Vishwavidyalaya, Nagaon, Assam, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anisha","family":"Sarma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Gauhati Medical College and Hospital, Guwahati, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lahari","family":"Saikia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Gauhati Medical College and Hospital, Guwahati, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10894","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.25259\/ijmr_1222_23\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20032","article-title":"Structural biology of hepatitis C virus","volume":"39","author":"Penin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijmr_1222_23\/ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11S","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510260702","article-title":"The hepatitis C virus: overview","volume":"26","author":"Purcell","year":"1997","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijmr_1222_23\/ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2416","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v13.i17.2416","article-title":"Genetic diversity of the hepatitis C virus: impact and issues in the antiviral therapy","volume":"13","author":"Le Guillou-Guillemette","year":"2007","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijmr_1222_23\/ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26744","article-title":"Expanded classification of hepatitis C virus into 7 genotypes and 67 subtypes: updated criteria and genotype assignment web resource","volume":"59","author":"Smith","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijmr_1222_23\/ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-59745-394-3_4","article-title":"Nomenclature and numbering of the hepatitis C virus","volume":"510","author":"Kuiken","year":"2009","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijmr_1222_23\/ref-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7824","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v22.i34.7824","article-title":"Global epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection: an update of the distribution and circulation of hepatitis C virus genotypes","volume":"22","author":"Petruzziello","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijmr_1222_23\/ref-7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02831-14","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus genotype 7, a new genotype originating from Central Africa","volume":"53","author":"Murphy","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijmr_1222_23\/ref-8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1722","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy401","article-title":"Identification of a novel hepatitis C virus genotype from Punjab, India: expanding classification of hepatitis C virus into 8 genotypes","volume":"218","author":"Borgia","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijmr_1222_23\/ref-9","first-page":"34","article-title":"Magnitude of hepatitis C virus infection in upper Assam","volume":"22","author":"Phukan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Indian J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijmr_1222_23\/ref-11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3624","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.8.3624-3629.2005","article-title":"Genotype distribution and molecular epidemiology of hepatitis C virus in blood donors from southeast France","volume":"43","author":"Cantaloube","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijmr_1222_23\/ref-12","first-page":"95","article-title":"BioEdit: A user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for windows 95\/98\/NT","volume":"41","author":"Hall","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Symp Ser"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijmr_1222_23\/ref-13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"W5","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkn201","article-title":"NCBI BLAST: A better web interface","volume":"36","author":"Johnson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nuc Acids Res"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijmr_1222_23\/ref-14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msy096","article-title":"MEGA X: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis across computing platforms","volume":"35","author":"Kumar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijmr_1222_23\/ref-15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1007\/s13337-019-00553-2","article-title":"Diversity of hepatitis C virus infection among HIV-infected people who inject drugs in India","volume":"30","author":"Solomon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Virus Dis"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijmr_1222_23\/ref-16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.03.008","article-title":"Transmission dynamics of hepatitis C virus among intra venous drug users in the border state of Manipur, India","volume":"24","author":"Saha","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijmr_1222_23\/ref-17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.4103\/0255-0857.118875","article-title":"Genotypes of hepatitis C virus in the Indian subcontinent: a decade-long experience from a tertiary care hospital in South India","volume":"31","author":"Christdas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indian J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijmr_1222_23\/ref-18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2083","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-012-1374-z","article-title":"New insights into hepatitis C virus infection in the tribal-dominant part of Northeast India","volume":"157","author":"Medhi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch Virol"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijmr_1222_23\/ref-19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmm.IJMM_17_371","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus and its genotypes in chronic liver disease patients from Meghalaya, Northeast India","volume":"36","author":"Barman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijmr_1222_23\/ref-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e82598","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0082598","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus genotype diversity among intravenous drug users in Yunnan province, Southwestern China","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijmr_1222_23\/ref-21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00814","article-title":"Identification of a new HCV subtype 6xg among injection drug users in Kachin, Myanmar","volume":"10","author":"Ye","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijmr_1222_23\/ref-22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/155.7.645","article-title":"Risk of hepatitis C virus infection among young adult injection drug users who share injection equipment","volume":"155","author":"Thorpe","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijmr_1222_23\/ref-23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.4103\/0971-5916.166596","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection & risk factors for HCV positivity in injecting & non-injecting drug users attending a de-addiction centre in Northern India","volume":"142","author":"Basu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijmr_1222_23\/ref-24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S49","DOI":"10.1016\/s0376-8716(06)80009-8","article-title":"Predictors of risky needle use following interventions with injection drug users in Ukraine","volume":"82","author":"Booth","year":"2006","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijmr_1222_23\/ref-25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2004.01.014","article-title":"Association between injection practices and duration of injection among recently initiated injection drug users","volume":"75","author":"Becker Buxton","year":"2004","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijmr_1222_23\/ref-26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1080\/00365540902721376","article-title":"HIV and HCV discordant injecting partners and their association to drug equipment sharing","volume":"41","author":"De","year":"2009","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijmr_1222_23\/ref-27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.84.6.920","article-title":"Correlates of needle sharing among injection drug users","volume":"84","author":"Mandell","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijmr_1222_23\/ref-28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S72","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e3181576818","article-title":"Correlates of lending needles\/syringes among HIV-seropositive injection drug users","volume":"46","author":"Metsch","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijmr_1222_23\/ref-29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1136\/ewjm.172.1.16","article-title":"Risk of hepatitis B infection among young injection drug users in San Francisco: opportunities for intervention","volume":"172","author":"Seal","year":"2000","journal-title":"West J Med"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijmr_1222_23\/ref-30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1994.03510260047027","article-title":"Syringe and needle exchange as HIV\/AIDS prevention for injection drug users","volume":"271","author":"Watters","year":"1994","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijmr_1222_23\/ref-31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmr.ijmr_1930_23","article-title":"HIV, hepatitis B & C in people who inject drugs in India: A systematic review of regional heterogeneity & overview of opioid substitution treatment","volume":"158","author":"Shukla","year":"2023","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijmr_1222_23\/ref-32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9060432","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of global prevalence of HBsAg and HIV and HCV antibodies among people who inject drugs and female sex workers","volume":"9","author":"Rashti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pathogens"}],"container-title":["The Indian Journal of Medical Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/ijmr.org.in\/hepatitis-c-virus-genotypes-among-population-with-reported-risk-factors-in-assam-north-east-india-emergence-of-genotype-8\/","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/ijmr.org.in\/hepatitis-c-virus-genotypes-among-population-with-reported-risk-factors-in-assam-north-east-india-emergence-of-genotype-8\/","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,20]],"date-time":"2024-12-20T03:29:52Z","timestamp":1734665392000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/ijmr.org.in\/hepatitis-c-virus-genotypes-among-population-with-reported-risk-factors-in-assam-north-east-india-emergence-of-genotype-8\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,21]]},"references-count":31,"alternative-id":["10.25259\/ijmr_1222_23"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25259\/ijmr_1222_23","relation":{},"ISSN":["0971-5916"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0971-5916","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,21]]},"article-number":"43"}}