{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T00:17:26Z","timestamp":1780359446673,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Scientific Scholar","content-domain":{"domain":["ijmr.org.in"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Indian J Med Res"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Background &amp; objectives<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>We aimed to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the cytokine profile in Japanese encephalitis (JE) patients and healthy individuals. Additionally, the correlation between the cytokines and the disease outcome in terms of survival or non-survival was also studied.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The study included 72 laboratory-confirmed JE cases and 50 healthy controls. Plasma levels of cytokines <jats:italic>viz.<\/jats:italic>, GM-CSF, IFN-\u03b3, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, and TNF-\u03b1 were analysed using Bio-plex200 (Bio-Rad) following manufacturer\u2019s guidelines and compared between JE patients and healthy control group. Additionally, quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was done for the quantification of expression of the above-mentioned cytokine genes.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Except IL-4 and IL-13, the levels of GM-CSF, IFN-\u03b3, IL-2, IL-5, IL-10, IL-12, and TNF-\u03b1 were significantly higher in JE patients in comparison to healthy controls. Significantly upregulated expression of IL-12, IL-10, and TNF-\u03b1 was observed in the JE group as compared to that in healthy controls. Additionally, significantly downregulated expression of IL-4and IL-13 was observed in the JE group compared to the control group.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Interpretation &amp; conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A higher level of several pro-inflammatory cytokines and downregulation of a few anti-inflammatory cytokines were observed in JE patients compared to the healthy controls indicating co-association of inflammation with disease severity. Hence, a regulator of these pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines may stand out as a potential candidate for therapy in JE.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.25259\/ijmr_1410_2024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T06:19:15Z","timestamp":1748758755000},"page":"386-393","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25259\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Understanding the pro- &amp; anti-inflammatory cytokine profile in Japanese encephalitis &amp; their implications in survival outcome"],"prefix":"10.25259","volume":"161","author":[{"given":"Pinku Mani","family":"Talukdar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Multidisciplinary Research Unit, Gauhati Medical College, Guwahati, Assam, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dharitree","family":"Sonowal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Gauhati Medical College, Guwahati, 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