{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T05:45:41Z","timestamp":1785735941037,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Scientific Scholar","content-domain":{"domain":["ijmr.org.in"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Indian J Med Res"],"abstract":"\n Background and objectives<\/jats:title>\n Red blood cell (RBC) transfusion, a cornerstone of therapy in sickle cell disease (SCD), carries the risk of alloimmunisation. Interestingly, not all SCD patients develop alloimmunisation. Research findings underscore the pivotal role of T-cell subsets and their cytokine profiles in regulating alloimmunisation. But the mechanisms of selective alloimmunisation are poorly understood. This study aimed to characterise helper T cell subsets with their signature cytokines in multi-transfused SCD patients.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n The patients were divided into two groups: alloimmunised and non-alloimmunised, depending on the presence or absence of alloantibodies following transfusions. Flow cytometric analysis of the Tfh and Treg subsets was performed. The supernatant plasma was used to estimate the levels of signature cytokines. The Mann-Whitney U test, independent sample median test, and Spearman\u2019s Rho correlation test were performed for statistical analysis.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n A total of 12 patients from each group were included. A significantly higher percentage of T-regs was observed in the non-alloimmunised group [median 7.65, interquartile range (IQR) 6.37-8.20] than in the alloimmunised group (median 6.27, IQR 4.77-6.80) (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n <0.05). A significantly higher expression of IL-21 was observed in the alloimmunised group. Significantly higher expression of TGF-\u03b2 and IL-10 was found in the non-alloimmunised group (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n <0.05).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Interpretation and conclusions<\/jats:title>\n Our study highlights increased Treg percentages and anti-inflammatory cytokine concentrations in the non-immune group, as well as increased pro-inflammatory cytokines and activated Tfh subsets in alloimmunised patients.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.25259\/ijmr_144_2026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T06:01:13Z","timestamp":1784959273000},"page":"194-201","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25259\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Differential activity of helper T-cell subsets and cytokine signature profiles in alloimmunisation of sickle cell disease"],"prefix":"10.25259","volume":"164","author":[{"given":"Somnath","family":"Mukherjee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Transfusion Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tahsim","family":"Anwar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Transfusion Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gaurav","family":"Chhabra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satya","family":"Prakash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Transfusion Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ansuman","family":"Sahu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Transfusion Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debasish","family":"Mishra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Transfusion Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashutosh","family":"Panigrahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10894","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_144_2026\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18010","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2018.10","article-title":"Sickle cell disease","volume":"4","author":"Kato","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers."},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_144_2026\/ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1182\/asheducation-2016.1.457","article-title":"Immunoregulatory networks in sickle cell alloimmunization","volume":"2016","author":"Yazdanbakhsh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program."},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_144_2026\/ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.24188","article-title":"Immunophenotypic parameters and RBC alloimmunization in children with sickle cell disease on chronic 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