{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T08:18:00Z","timestamp":1769933880231,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Scientific Scholar","content-domain":{"domain":["ijmr.org.in"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Indian J Med Res"],"abstract":"\n Background & objectives<\/jats:title>\n Though sexual dysfunction are common in individuals with opioid dependence, the relative contribution of hormonal and psychological determinants remains unclear. Studies assessing sexual functioning and sex hormone levels together in this population remain limited. This study aimed to evaluate self-reported sexual dysfunction and sex hormone alterations, and their association with demographic, psychosocial, and hormonal factors in men with opioid dependence, primarily using heroin.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n In this cross-sectional study, 143 sexually active males (aged 18-50 yr) with opioid dependence were recruited. Sexual functioning was assessed using the international index of erectile function (IIEF-15). Hormonal assays included total testosterone, prolactin (PRL), luteinising hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), and dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEA-S). Descriptive statistics, Spearman\u2019s rank correlation with FDR (false discovery rate) correction, and hierarchical multiple regression with bootstrapped confidence intervals (1000 samples) were conducted. A sensitivity analysis restricted to married participants (n=78) allowed inclusion of intimate partner violence as predictor.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n The median age of participants (n=143) was 26 yr [Interquartile range (IQR):24-30], with 93 per cent identifying as heterosexual. Erectile dysfunction (93.7%, n=134), orgasmic dysfunction (95.1%, n=136), low sexual desire (94.4%, n=135), dissatisfaction with sexual intercourse (99.3%, n=142), and premature ejaculation (72%, n=103) were highly prevalent. Hormonal analysis showed low testosterone in 7.7 per cent (n=11), high PRL in 8.4 per cent (n=12), and elevated GnRH in 57.3 per cent (n=82) of participants. Median hormone levels were: Testosterone 20.5 (15.0-27.3) nmol\/L, PRL 5.8 (3.5-11.2) ng\/mL, and GnRH 160.3 (132.2-178.1) pg\/mL. No significant correlations were observed between hormone levels and sexual function. In regression analysis, demographic and psychosocial variables predicted sexual functioning, while hormonal measures did not contribute independently. The final model explained 17 per cent of variance (adjusted R\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n = 0.17).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Interpretation & conclusion<\/jats:title>\n Sexual dysfunction in men with opioid dependence primarily using heroin was driven more by psychosocial and demographic determinants than by hormonal changes. Endocrine alterations were not sufficient to explain the high burden of dysfunction. Addressing sexual health in opioid dependence requires a multifactorial approach, with attention to social and psychological contributors alongside biological assessment.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.25259\/ijmr_1525_2025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T17:34:32Z","timestamp":1769880872000},"page":"754-763","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25259\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prevalence & predictors of sexual functioning & sex hormone profiles among men with opioid dependence: A community-based, cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.25259","volume":"162","author":[{"given":"Vinit","family":"Patel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Drug Dependence Treatment Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ravindra","family":"Rao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Drug Dependence Treatment Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roshan","family":"Bhad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Drug Dependence Treatment Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ashwani Kumar","family":"Mishra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Drug Dependence Treatment Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rizwana","family":"Quraishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Drug Dependence Treatment Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yashdeep","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"10894","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1525_2025\/ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.4103\/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_37_17","article-title":"The journey of opioid substitution therapy in India: Achievements and challenges","volume":"59","author":"RaoR","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indian J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1525_2025\/ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4530(89)90007-3","article-title":"Psychoneuroendocrine effects of methadone maintenance","volume":"14","author":"Willenbring","year":"1989","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1525_2025\/ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2007.00702.x","article-title":"Erectile dysfunction in men receiving methadone and buprenorphine maintenance treatment","volume":"5","author":"Hallinan","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1525_2025\/ref-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s12991-019-0249-z","article-title":"A comparison of sexual desire in opiate-dependent men receiving methadone and buprenorphine maintenance treatment","volume":"18","author":"Yee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1525_2025\/ref-7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1097\/adt.0b013e31802b4e8c","article-title":"Sexual dysfunctions in male opiate users: A comparative study of heroin, methadone, and buprenorphine","volume":"6","author":"Al-Gommer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Addict Disord Their Treat"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1525_2025\/ref-8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.3109\/00952997709002743","article-title":"Adequacy of sexual performance in men maintained on methadone","volume":"4","author":"Hanbury","year":"1977","journal-title":"Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1525_2025\/ref-9","first-page":"751","article-title":"Sexual dysfunction in male crystalline heroin dependents before and after MMT: A pilot study","volume":"15","author":"Babakhanian","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch Iran Med"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1525_2025\/ref-10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s40360-016-0058-9","article-title":"The opiate dosage adequacy scale for identification of the right methadone dose\u2014a prospective cohort study","volume":"17","author":"Walcher","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1525_2025\/ref-11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.12.153","article-title":"The effects of buprenorphine\/naloxone maintenance treatment on sexual dysfunction, sleep and weight in opioid use disorder patients","volume":"272","author":"Baykara","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1525_2025\/ref-12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.22122\/ahj.v11i2.232","article-title":"Comparing the effects of methadone, buprenorphine, and opium tincture maintenance therapy on sexual function","volume":"11","author":"Kheradmand","year":"2019","journal-title":"Addict Health"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1525_2025\/ref-13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.18502\/ijps.v16i3.6257","article-title":"Comparing Sexual Function between opioid dependents consuming methadone or opium tincture","volume":"16","author":"Moeeni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Iran J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1525_2025\/ref-14","article-title":"Opioid induced erectile dysfunction","volume-title":"Proceeding of 8th Annual Congress of the Asia Pacific of Medical Toxicology","author":"Tufani","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1525_2025\/ref-16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/0039-128x(73)90002-0","article-title":"Decreased serum testosterone concentration in male heroin and methadone addicts","volume":"22","author":"Azizi","year":"1973","journal-title":"Steroids"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1525_2025\/ref-17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6189","DOI":"10.1038\/srep06189","article-title":"Methadone induces testosterone suppression in patients with opioid addiction","volume":"4","author":"Bawor","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1525_2025\/ref-18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.5455\/medarh.2013.67.48-50","article-title":"Sexual dysfunction as a side effect of hyperprolactinemia in methadone maintenance therapy","volume":"67","author":"Trajanovska","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med Arch"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1525_2025\/ref-19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.3109\/10826089209047354","article-title":"Sexual dysfunction and psychological distress in methadone maintenance","volume":"27","author":"Spring","year":"1992","journal-title":"Int J Addict"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1525_2025\/ref-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e88289","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0088289","article-title":"Sexual dysfunction improved in heroin-dependent men after methadone maintenance treatment in Tianjin, China","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1525_2025\/ref-21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2020.1870779","article-title":"Sexual relationship, self-esteem, dysfunction, and sexual satisfaction in treatment na\u00efve men with heroin dependence","volume":"53","author":"Chawla","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Psychoactive Drugs"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1525_2025\/ref-22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.4103\/0971-9962.214602","article-title":"Psychosexual disorders: A cross-sectional study among opioid-dependent individuals","volume":"33","author":"Singh Sethi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indian J Soc Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1525_2025\/ref-23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2016.06.017","article-title":"A study of assessment of sexual dysfunction in male subjects with opioid dependence","volume":"23","author":"Aggarwal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Asian J Psychiatr"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1525_2025\/ref-24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2055","DOI":"10.1111\/jsm.12588","article-title":"Sexual dysfunction in men seeking treatment for opioid dependence: A study from India","volume":"11","author":"Venkatesh","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1525_2025\/ref-26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1994.tb03332.x","article-title":"Development of the Leeds dependence questionnaire (LDQ): A questionnaire to measure alcohol and opiate dependence in the context of a treatment evaluation package","volume":"89","author":"Raistrick","year":"1994","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1525_2025\/ref-27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1016\/s0090-4295(97)00238-0","article-title":"The international index of erectile function (IIEF): A multidimensional scale for assessment of erectile dysfunction","volume":"49","author":"Rosen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1525_2025\/ref-28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1716","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2005.12.015","article-title":"The fagerstr\u00f6m test for nicotine dependence-smokeless tobacco (FTND-ST)","volume":"31","author":"Ebbert","year":"2006","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1525_2025\/ref-29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01879.x","article-title":"The fagerstr\u00f6m test for nicotine dependence: a revision of the fagerstrom tolerance questionnaire","volume":"86","author":"Heatherton","year":"1991","journal-title":"British Journal of Addiction"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1525_2025\/ref-30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2003.10400007","article-title":"The Clinical Opiate Withdrawal Scale (COWS)","volume":"35","author":"Wesson","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Psychoactive Drugs"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1525_2025\/ref-31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(94)00075-u","article-title":"The structure of negative emotional states: Comparison of the depression anxiety stress scales (DASS) with the beck depression and anxiety inventories","volume":"33","author":"Lovibond","year":"1995","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1525_2025\/ref-33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2008.08.010","article-title":"Research electronic data capture (REDCap)--a metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support","volume":"42","author":"Harris","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Biomed Inform"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1525_2025\/ref-34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2019.103208","article-title":"The REDCap consortium: Building an international community of software platform partners","volume":"95","author":"Harris","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Biomed Inform"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1525_2025\/ref-35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2011.08.005","article-title":"Premature ejaculation and other sexual dysfunctions in opiate dependent men receiving methadone substitution treatment","volume":"37","author":"Chekuri","year":"2012","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1525_2025\/ref-36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197504242921703","article-title":"Function of the male sex organs in heroin and methadone users","volume":"292","author":"Cicero","year":"1975","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1525_2025\/ref-37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2009-0009","article-title":"The effects of opioids and opioid analogs on animal and human endocrine systems","volume":"31","author":"Vuong","year":"2010","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1525_2025\/ref-38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1054\/jpai.2002.126790","article-title":"Hypogonadism in men consuming sustained-action oral opioids","volume":"3","author":"Daniell","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1525_2025\/ref-39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-0929","article-title":"Plasma testosterone and sexual function in men receiving buprenorphine maintenance for opioid dependence","volume":"90","author":"Bliesener","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1525_2025\/ref-40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1080\/00224499.2024.2432608","article-title":"Predictors of sexual dysfunction, associated distress, and sexual satisfaction among male and female patients living with anxiety disorders in Denmark","volume":"62","author":"Strizzi","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Sex Res"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1525_2025\/ref-41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1093\/sxmrev\/qeac007","article-title":"Cigarette smoking and erectile dysfunction: An updated review with a focus on pathophysiology, e-cigarettes, and smoking cessation","volume":"11","author":"Allen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sex Med Rev"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1525_2025\/ref-43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2020.0704","article-title":"Sampling: Linking evidence to practice","volume":"50","author":"Kamper","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther"}],"container-title":["The Indian Journal of Medical Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/ijmr.org.in\/prevalence-predictors-of-sexual-functioning-sex-hormone-profiles-among-men-with-opioid-dependence-a-community-based-cross-sectional-study\/","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/ijmr.org.in\/prevalence-predictors-of-sexual-functioning-sex-hormone-profiles-among-men-with-opioid-dependence-a-community-based-cross-sectional-study\/","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T17:34:34Z","timestamp":1769880874000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/ijmr.org.in\/prevalence-predictors-of-sexual-functioning-sex-hormone-profiles-among-men-with-opioid-dependence-a-community-based-cross-sectional-study\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]]},"references-count":37,"alternative-id":["10.25259\/IJMR_1525_2025"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25259\/ijmr_1525_2025","relation":{},"ISSN":["0971-5916"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0971-5916","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]]},"article-number":"754"}}