{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T01:59:34Z","timestamp":1793325574391,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Scientific Scholar","content-domain":{"domain":["ijmr.org.in"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Indian J Med Res"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background &amp; objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Lung cancer is the most diagnosed cancer and leading cause of cancer deaths. We assessed regional patterns in incidence, mortality, morphology, and mortality-to-incidence ratio across 57 populations, along with tobacco and alcohol use in India. We also estimated time-trends (average annual percent change: AAPC) by gender and age, and forecasted to 2030.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We used age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) and age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) (per 10\n                      <jats:sup>5<\/jats:sup>\n                      population) estimated AAPC\n                      <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic>\n                      joinpoint regression and applied auto-regressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model to forecast rates.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Higher incidence of lung cancer among men was observed in the south, north and north-east regions of India. Highest ASIR was in Srinagar (39.5) and highest ASMR in Aizawl (27.1). Among women, highest rates were observed in the north-east, particularly in Aizawl (ASIR:33.7, ASMR:23.2). Tobacco use among women remains low outside the north-east, correlating with the patterns of lung cancer. Mortality to incidence ratio was low (&lt;30%) except in a few populations. An increasing-trend in incidence was noted, with the highest AAPC in Thiruvananthapuram (women:6.7) and Dindigul (men:4.3). Adenocarcinoma has emerged as the dominant subtype over 25 yr, with higher prevalence among women, especially in Bengaluru (56.0%). Large-cell carcinoma increased notably in Delhi. By 2030, ASIRs are projected to range from 1.8 (Barshi) to 33.1 (Kollam) in men, and 1.9 (Barshi) to 8.1 (Bengaluru) in women.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Interpretation &amp; conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The burden of lung cancer in India shows regional disparities, with more adenocarcinoma, especially among women. Incidence is projected to rise, while low mortality to incidence ratio suggests underreported mortality, underscoring the need for better death reporting. Region-specific research beyond tobacco use is essential.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.25259\/ijmr_1565_2025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T14:40:55Z","timestamp":1767278455000},"page":"563-572","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25259\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Region-wise lung cancer burden, long-term trend &amp; time-series forecasts in India: An analytical study by age, gender, &amp; morphology"],"prefix":"10.25259","volume":"162","author":[{"given":"Jinto Edakkalathoor","family":"George","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Epidemiology & Biostatistics, \u2020Regional Cancer Centre, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India"},{"name":"Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Preethi Sara","family":"George","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Epidemiology & Biostatistics, \u2020Regional Cancer Centre, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rekha A.","family":"Nair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Epidemiology & Biostatistics, \u2020Regional Cancer Centre, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jini Sara","family":"Jacob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Epidemiology & Biostatistics, \u2020Regional Cancer Centre, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India"},{"name":"Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleyamma","family":"Mathew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Epidemiology & Biostatistics, \u2020Regional Cancer Centre, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10894","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1565_2025\/ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jncc.2022.09.004","article-title":"Etiology of lung cancer: Evidence from epidemiologic studies","volume":"2","author":"Zou","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Cent"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1565_2025\/ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canep.2018.10.006","article-title":"Alcohol consumption and lung cancer risk: A pooled analysis from the International Lung Cancer Consortium and the SYNERGY STUDY","volume":"58","author":"Brenner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1565_2025\/ref-7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmr.ijmr_1364_21","article-title":"A clinicoepidemiological profile of lung cancers in India - 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