{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T14:45:55Z","timestamp":1767278755054,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Scientific Scholar","content-domain":{"domain":["ijmr.org.in"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Indian J Med Res"],"abstract":"\n Background & objectives<\/jats:title>\n \n Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n is a leading cause of bacterial keratitis, known for its rapid progression, severe corneal damage, and resistance to treatment. Existing animal models exist to study disease mechanisms and therapeutic options require specialised conditions or complex procedures. This study aimed to develop a simplified, cost-effective, and reproducible murine model of\n P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n keratitis using Swiss albino mice for translational research applications.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n Four female Swiss albino mice (6\u20138 wk old) were maintained under standard conditions. Baseline ocular evaluation was done using a handheld slit lamp. The left corneas were abraded with a sterile 26G needle and inoculated topically with 10\u202f\u03bcL of\n P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n (1.0 \u00d7 10\u2076 CFU\/mL, ATCC 19660). The right eyes served as uninfected controls. Clinical signs were assessed on days 1, 2, and 3 using a standardised 0\u20134 scoring scale. Infection was confirmed through culture, biochemical tests, and PCR targeting the\n exotoxin A<\/jats:italic>\n gene. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA with Tukey\u2019s post hoc test.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n All infected eyes developed progressive keratitis marked by lid swelling, corneal haze, and stromal involvement. Control eyes remained unaffected. Clinical scores increased significantly over time (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.05). Culture and molecular analyses confirmed successful infection.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Interpretation & conclusions<\/jats:title>\n \n This simplified Swiss albino mouse model effectively mimics human\n P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n keratitis and enables cost-efficient study of pathogenesis and therapeutic testing. It can facilitate standardised ophthalmic infection research.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.25259\/ijmr_1569_2025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T14:40:54Z","timestamp":1767278454000},"page":"639-643","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25259\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Developing a\n Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/i>\n keratitis model in Swiss albino mice for clinical assessment"],"prefix":"10.25259","volume":"162","author":[{"given":"Lalan Kumar","family":"Arya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Institute of Ophthalmology, Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Bihar, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anita","family":"Kumari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Institute of Ophthalmology, Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Bihar, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rakhi","family":"Kusumesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Institute of Ophthalmology, Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Bihar, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pankaj","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Institute of Ophthalmology, Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Bihar, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bibhuti Prassan","family":"Sinha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Institute of Ophthalmology, Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Bihar, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manoj","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Animal House Facility, Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Bihar, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Namrata","family":"Kumari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Bihar, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"10894","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1569_2025\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1097\/opx.0b013e3181d408ee","article-title":"Pathogenesis of contact lens-associated microbial keratitis","volume":"87","author":"Fleiszig","year":"2010","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1569_2025\/ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2199","article-title":"The type III secretion system of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Infection by injection","volume":"7","author":"Hauser","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1569_2025\/ref-3","first-page":"621","article-title":"Distribution and phenotype of dendritic cells and resident tissue macrophages in the mouse eye","volume":"40","author":"McMenamin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1569_2025\/ref-4","article-title":"Granulocytes in innate immunity: Anti-microbial strategies and inflammatory responses","volume":"7","author":"Kerschen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1569_2025\/ref-5","first-page":"4150","article-title":"Pseudomonas aeruginosa corneal infection: studies on the role of neutrophils and macrophages","volume":"48","author":"Hazlett","year":"2007","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1569_2025\/ref-6","first-page":"2086","article-title":"TLR4 and TLR5 regulate innate immunity and tissue damage following infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"185","author":"Sun","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1569_2025\/ref-7","first-page":"47","article-title":"Establishment of an optimized mouse model of Pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis for evaluating therapeutic interventions","volume":"28","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1569_2025\/ref-8","first-page":"109550","article-title":"IL-24 contributes to corneal inflammation and bacterial burden in Pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis","volume":"230","author":"Su","year":"2024","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1569_2025\/ref-9","first-page":"110","article-title":"Programmed cell death pathways regulate bacterial keratitis in diabetic mice","volume":"30","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol Vis"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1569_2025\/ref-10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2019.02.006","article-title":"Development of a mouse model of Pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis","volume":"181","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1569_2025\/ref-11","first-page":"391","article-title":"Evidence for recurrent corneal infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa in mice","volume":"32","author":"Hazlett","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1569_2025\/ref-12","first-page":"163","article-title":"Growth phase analysis and CFU correlation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in LB broth","volume":"78","author":"Tang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Microbiol Methods"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1569_2025\/ref-13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1006\/mcpr.2000.0306","article-title":"Rapid identification of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from ocular isolates by PCR using exotoxin A-specific primers","volume":"14","author":"Song","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol Cell Probes"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1569_2025\/ref-14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2011.08.006","article-title":"Immunomodulatory and therapeutic effects of Ocimum sanctum Linn. on experimental animal model of chronic bacterial prostatitis","volume":"11","author":"Das","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1569_2025\/ref-15","first-page":"43","article-title":"Development of a murine model of Pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis","volume":"127","author":"Kowtharapu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1569_2025\/ref-16","first-page":"1549","article-title":"Mutants in genes related to stress responses show altered virulence in Pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis models","volume":"78","author":"Ma","year":"2010","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1569_2025\/ref-17","first-page":"1043","article-title":"Bacterial adaptation during chronic respiratory infections","volume":"29","author":"Zaidi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1569_2025\/ref-18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.18.4.657-686.2005","article-title":"Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases: A clinical update","volume":"18","author":"Paterson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1569_2025\/ref-19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"Rev","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.19509.1","article-title":"Emerging therapies against infections with Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"8","author":"T\u00fcmmler","year":"2019","journal-title":"F1000 Res"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1569_2025\/ref-20","first-page":"963","article-title":"MIP-2 (CXCL2) is critical for PMN infiltration and pathogen clearance in bacterial keratitis","volume":"17","author":"Kernacki","year":"1998","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1569_2025\/ref-21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4910","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.06-0537","article-title":"TLR4 is required for host resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis","volume":"47","author":"Huang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1569_2025\/ref-22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.embor.7400993","article-title":"The ethics of animal research","volume":"8","author":"Festing","year":"2007","journal-title":"EMBO Reports"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1569_2025\/ref-23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xops.2023.100452","article-title":"Cefiderocol is an effective topical monotherapy for experimental extensively drug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis","volume":"4","author":"Romanowski","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Sci"}],"container-title":["The Indian Journal of Medical Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/ijmr.org.in\/developing-a-pseudomonas-aeruginosa-keratitis-model-in-swiss-albino-mice-for-clinical-assessment\/","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/ijmr.org.in\/developing-a-pseudomonas-aeruginosa-keratitis-model-in-swiss-albino-mice-for-clinical-assessment\/","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T14:40:57Z","timestamp":1767278457000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/ijmr.org.in\/developing-a-pseudomonas-aeruginosa-keratitis-model-in-swiss-albino-mice-for-clinical-assessment\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]]},"references-count":23,"alternative-id":["10.25259\/IJMR_1569_2025"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25259\/ijmr_1569_2025","relation":{},"ISSN":["0971-5916"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0971-5916","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]]},"article-number":"639"}}