{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T06:56:15Z","timestamp":1790664975251,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Scientific Scholar","content-domain":{"domain":["ijmr.org.in"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Indian J Med Res"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To better understand the immune alterations resulting from HIV infection and antiretroviral therapy, we analysed various markers of immunosenescence and immune dysregulation in HIV-1-infected individuals on prolonged combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) (HIV+ART+), treatment-na\u00efve HIV+ individuals (HIV+ART-), and HIV-negative healthy controls (HCs).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Multicolour flow cytometric analysis was performed to assess levels of immune activation, T cell differentiation, immunosenescence, immune exhaustion, and regulation using surface immune phenotyping and intracellular staining assays with a FACS Aria III SORP flow cytometer (Beckton Dickinson). The study groups were compared and correlated using the Mann-Whitney U test and the Spearman correlation test.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We observed significant immunological perturbations in immune activation, cellular differentiation, immunosenescence, and exhaustion in CD8 T cells from HIV+ART+ (n=68) compared with HIV+ART- (n=19) and HC (n=57) groups. The proportion of immunosenescent T cells (CD8\u207aCD28\u207bCD57\u207aKLRG1\u207a) was lower in the ART+ group [23% (6\u201380)] than in the ART\u2212 group [28% (4-52)]. Telomere length was significantly (\n                      <jats:italic>P&lt;<\/jats:italic>\n                      0.005) shorter in the ART+ group compared with the HC group. We also observed an inverse relationship (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      =-0.27) between levels of immunosenescence and telomere length.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Interpretation and conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our study demonstrates substantial immunological perturbations associated with immunosenescence and dysregulated immune response in the HIV+ART\u2212 group, compared with the HIV+ART+ group, which maintained a stable immunological status characterised by reduced frequencies of senescent T cells and increased telomere length. This suggests that prolonged and effective treatment might contribute to deceleration of ageing, resulting in healthy longevity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.25259\/ijmr_1597_2025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T11:40:42Z","timestamp":1789558842000},"page":"637-646","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25259\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Immunosenescence and immune dysfunction in treated and untreated HIV-infected individuals"],"prefix":"10.25259","volume":"164","author":[{"given":"A. 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