{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T01:34:10Z","timestamp":1784684050600,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Scientific Scholar","content-domain":{"domain":["ijmr.org.in"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Indian J Med Res"],"abstract":"\n Background & objectives<\/jats:title>\n This study was carried out to identify association of chronic pesticide exposure with cognitive impairment, depression, and movement disorder by utilising a comprehensive paradigm of symptom-based validated screening; and estimation of RBC acetylcholinesterase (AChE), plasma butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and paraoxonase 1 (PON1) levels among high risk rural population, particularly agricultural workers in West Bengal, India.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n Galsi II block, Purba Bardhaman district, West Bengal was selected as the study site. Samples were drawn among residents aged 50 yr and above of either sex, continuously living in the area for at least last five years. Primary screening was applied to enquire about target neuropsychiatric disorders. On getting an affirmative reply to any of the questions, participants were further screened for cognitive impairment and depression. Any participant screening \u2018positive\u2019 for either of the three conditions fulfilled criteria for recruitment as a \u2018case\u2019. Blood samples were collected from participants for estimation of AChE, BChE and PON1.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Of 808 participants, 180 (22.3%) were screened as \u2018Cases\u2019. Pesticide exposure was a significant risk for detection as a \u2018Case\u2019 [Odds ratio (OR)=2.9], which supports premise of this study. Additionally, male gender (OR=1.98), more years of pesticide exposure (>30 yr) (OR=1.8) and more frequent use of pesticides (1\/week) (OR=2.5) were significant risks of screening as a \u2018Case\u2019. Agricultural workers, who were exclusively engaged with agriculture as occupation, had the lowest cognition score (77.5\u00b119.6) (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n <0.001), highest impairment in daily living (2.1\u00b11.7) (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n =0.01) and highest BDI (Beck Depression Inventory) score (15\u00b17) (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n =0.003),\n i.e<\/jats:italic>\n ., a higher risk of depression. Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) expression was significantly increased among workers engaged in agricultural activity for more than 8 h in a day (82.3\u00b142) (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n =0.03) and who applied pesticides at least once a week (80.3\u00b140) (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n =0.02).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Interpretation & conclusions<\/jats:title>\n This population-based study among rural agricultural population in West Bengal has identified a prevalence of 18.9 per cent of cognitive impairment with or without depression; 8.3 per cent depression with or without cognitive impairment and 1.5 per cent possible movement disorder. We also identified that pesticide exposure is a risk for development of these neuropsychiatric disorders of neuroinflammatory origin. Among biomarkers, PON1 was identified to be significantly higher among participants who spent more hours in agricultural work and applied pesticides more frequently.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.25259\/ijmr_1661_2024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T11:18:16Z","timestamp":1762946296000},"page":"404-413","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25259\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Pesticide exposure associated with mild cognitive impairment & depression among agricultural workers: Case control study in rural India"],"prefix":"10.25259","volume":"162","author":[{"given":"Amit","family":"Chakrabarti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental Health, ICMR-Centre for Ageing and Mental Health, Kolkata, West Bengal, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atanu","family":"Biswas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuromedicine, Bangur Institute of Neurosciences, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education & Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manidipa","family":"Dawn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental Health, ICMR-Centre for Ageing and Mental Health, Kolkata, West Bengal, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharbo","family":"Mukherjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental Health, ICMR-Centre for Ageing and Mental Health, Kolkata, West Bengal, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Surajit","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental Health, ICMR-Centre for Ageing and Mental Health, Kolkata, West Bengal, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sovonlal","family":"Mukherjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental Health, ICMR-Centre for Ageing and Mental Health, Kolkata, West Bengal, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivy","family":"Roy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine & Sagore Dutta Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asim","family":"Saha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental Health, ICMR-Centre for Ageing and Mental Health, Kolkata, West Bengal, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krishnangshu","family":"Ray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Health & Family Welfare, Kolkata, West Bengal, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Indranil","family":"Chakraborty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine & Sagore Dutta Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10894","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1661_2024\/ref-2","first-page":"9","article-title":"Future of Indian pesticides industry in next millennium","volume":"24","author":"Mathur","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pesticide Information"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1661_2024\/ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1007\/s00420-009-0422-9","article-title":"Cholinesterase activity, pesticide exposure and health impact in a population exposed to organophosphates","volume":"82","author":"Jintana","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int Arch Occup Environ Health"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1661_2024\/ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1097\/01.jom.0000438381.25597.88","article-title":"Paraoxonase 1 and its relationship with pesticide biomarkers in indigenous Mexican farmworkers","volume":"56","author":"Bernal-Hernandez","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1661_2024\/ref-8","first-page":"37","article-title":"An urban community-based study of cognitive function among non-demented elderly population in India","volume":"11","author":"Das","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurology Asia"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1661_2024\/ref-9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(75)90026-6","article-title":"\u201cMini-mental state\u201d. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician","volume":"12","author":"Folstein","year":"1975","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1661_2024\/ref-10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/28.2.161","article-title":"Development of an activities of daily living scale to screen for dementia in an illiterate rural older population in India","volume":"28","author":"Fillenbaum","year":"1999","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1661_2024\/ref-11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004","article-title":"An inventory for measuring depression","volume":"4","author":"Beck","year":"1961","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1661_2024\/ref-12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3051","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph9093051","article-title":"Knowledge, attitudes, practices and biomonitoring of farmers and residents exposed to pesticides in Brazil","volume":"9","author":"Oliveira Pasiani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1661_2024\/ref-13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(61)90145-9","article-title":"A new and rapid colorimetric determination of acetylcholinesterase activity","volume":"7","author":"Ellman","year":"1961","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1661_2024\/ref-14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm.1992.30.7.391","article-title":"A new automated method for phenotyping arylesterase (EC 3.1.1.2) based upon inhibition of enzymatic hydrolysis of 4-nitrophenyl acetate by phenyl acetate","volume":"30","author":"Haagen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Chem Clin Biochem"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1661_2024\/ref-15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2898","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12928","article-title":"Prevalence of dementia in India: National and state estimates from a nationwide study","volume":"19","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1661_2024\/ref-16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e105","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(21)00249-8","article-title":"Estimation of the global prevalence of dementia in 2019 and forecasted prevalence in 2050: an analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"7","author":"GBD 2019 Dementia Forecasting Collaborators","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1661_2024\/ref-17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2019","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000264424.76759.e6","article-title":"An epidemiologic study of mild cognitive impairment in Kolkata, India","volume":"68","author":"Das","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1661_2024\/ref-18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2016.3162","article-title":"Prevalence of depression in patients with mild cognitive impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"74","author":"Ismail","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1661_2024\/ref-19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-7136-z","article-title":"Prevalence of depression among the elderly (60 years and above) population in India, 1997-2016: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Pilania","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1661_2024\/ref-20","first-page":"S21","article-title":"Prevalence of Parkinson\u2019s disease in Europe: a collaborative study of population-based cohorts. Neurologic Diseases in the Elderly Research Group","volume":"54","author":"de Rijk","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1661_2024\/ref-21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2013.02.002","article-title":"Linking pesticide exposure and dementia: what is the evidence?","volume":"307","author":"Zaganas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1661_2024\/ref-22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0213738","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0213738","article-title":"Pesticide exposure and cognitive decline in a rural South Korean population","volume":"14","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1661_2024\/ref-23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.108632","article-title":"Pesticide exposure and cognitive function: Results from the Hellenic Longitudinal Investigation of Aging and Diet (HELIAD)","volume":"177","author":"Dardiotis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1661_2024\/ref-24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2017.09.017","article-title":"Cognitive decline, mortality, and organophosphorus exposure in aging Mexican Americans","volume":"160","author":"Paul","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1661_2024\/ref-25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ntt.2017.05.003","article-title":"Cognitive impairment in agricultural workers and nearby residents exposed to pesticides in the Coquimbo Region of Chile","volume":"62","author":"Corral","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurotoxicol Teratol"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1661_2024\/ref-26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-018-0453-0","article-title":"Alcohol use and dementia: a systematic scoping review","volume":"11","author":"Rehm","year":"2019","journal-title":"Alzheimers Res Ther"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1661_2024\/ref-27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.13666","article-title":"Gender differences in cognitive impairment among the old and the oldest-old in China","volume":"19","author":"Miyawaki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geriatr Gerontol Int"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1661_2024\/ref-28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1007\/s11596-019-2009-3","article-title":"Neuropsychiatric Symptoms and cognitive impairment in chinese patients with parkinson\u2019s disease in Han and Hui ethnicity","volume":"39","author":"Yao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Med Sci"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1661_2024\/ref-29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109539","article-title":"Association between cholinesterase\u2019s inhibition and cognitive impairment: a basis for prevention policies of environmental pollution by organophosphate and carbamate pesticides in Chile","volume":"186","author":"Ramirez-Santana","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1661_2024\/ref-30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1402","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0900682","article-title":"Serum cholinesterase inhibition in relation to paraoxonase-1 (PON1) status among organophosphate-exposed agricultural pesticide handlers","volume":"117","author":"Hofmann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1661_2024\/ref-31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.115424","article-title":"Pesticide exposure and related health problems among family members of farmworkers in southeast Iran. A case-control study","volume":"267","author":"Abbasi-Jorjandi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1661_2024\/ref-32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2014-0803","article-title":"PON-1 and ferroxidase activities in older patients with mild cognitive impairment, late onset Alzheimer\u2019s disease or vascular dementia","volume":"53","author":"Cervellati","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Chem Lab Med"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1661_2024\/ref-33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2009.02.317","article-title":"Paraoxonase activity and dementia","volume":"283","author":"Wehr","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1661_2024\/ref-34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.02.018","article-title":"Lowered plasma paraoxonase (PON)1 activity is a trait marker of major depression and PON1 Q192R gene polymorphism-smoking interactions differentially predict the odds of major depression and bipolar disorder","volume":"159","author":"Bortolasci","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1661_2024\/ref-35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1080\/15622975.2017.1322219","article-title":"Lowered PON1 activities are strongly associated with depression and bipolar disorder, recurrence of (hypo) mania and depression, increased disability and lowered quality of life","volume":"20","author":"Moreira","year":"2019","journal-title":"World J Biol Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["The Indian Journal of Medical Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/ijmr.org.in\/pesticide-exposure-associated-with-mild-cognitive-impairment-depression-among-agricultural-workers-case-control-study-in-rural-india\/","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/ijmr.org.in\/pesticide-exposure-associated-with-mild-cognitive-impairment-depression-among-agricultural-workers-case-control-study-in-rural-india\/","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T11:18:17Z","timestamp":1762946297000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/ijmr.org.in\/pesticide-exposure-associated-with-mild-cognitive-impairment-depression-among-agricultural-workers-case-control-study-in-rural-india\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]]},"references-count":31,"alternative-id":["10.25259\/IJMR_1661_2024"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25259\/ijmr_1661_2024","relation":{},"ISSN":["0971-5916"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0971-5916","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]]},"article-number":"404"}}