{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T02:55:34Z","timestamp":1790391334790,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Scientific Scholar","content-domain":{"domain":["ijmr.org.in"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Indian J Med Res"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Background &amp; objectives<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Antimicrobial resistance has steadily become a grave public health problem worldwide, making carbapenems, often the last choice of antibiotic, for treating infections involving multidrug-resistant Gram-negative organisms. The production of carbapenemases is one of the primary mechanisms responsible for the development of resistance. KPC, NDM, VIM, IMP, and OXA-48-like are the most prevalent carbapenemases. Identification of CROs is based on the resistance phenotype or requires molecular assays, which are not widely available.\u00a0A lateral flow assay (LFA) has been developed to enable rapid identification of carbapenemase production in cultured bacteria.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A total of 87 isolates characterised by Whole Genome Sequence (WGS) were tested. Five ATCC strains were used for quality control. LFA was performed according to the kit literature, and the results were\u00a0compared with those by WGS. The assay was assessed for its sensitivity and specificity for the detection of five major carbapenemases.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A total of 87 isolates of <jats:italic>Enterobacterales<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>, characterised by WGS, were tested. Of these, 52 were positive for the big five carbapenemases (IMP, VIM, KPC, NDM, and OXA-48-like), and 35 were negative. ATCC strains were run for quality control with each batch of tests. Overall sensitivity of the assay was 98.07 per cent (51\/52), with no false positives, having 100 per cent specificity (35\/35). The assay correctly detected strains producing KPC, OXA-48-like, VIM, and IMP, being 100 per cent sensitive (n=33\/33) when compared with WGS results; whereas, it showed delayed positivity (&gt;15 min) to identify one\u00a0strain producing NDM-1 (thus considered false negative), accounting to sensitivity of 92.3 per cent (n=12\/13) for detection of NDM. It correctly identified six strains simultaneously producing OXA-48-like and NDM, and one strain producing NDM-1 and KPC.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Interpretation &amp; conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The assay, being robust and\u00a0cost-effective, with a\u00a0short turn-around-time, will prove to be a great addition to the diagnostic armamentarium, helping in implementing antimicrobial stewardship and preventing AMR.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.25259\/ijmr_1976_2024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]],"date-time":"2025-08-08T16:27:56Z","timestamp":1754670476000},"page":"699-705","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25259\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Evaluation of the rapid lateral flow assay (LFA) for detection of five major carbapenemase enzyme families in genotypically characterised bacterial isolates"],"prefix":"10.25259","volume":"161","author":[{"given":"Sana","family":"Rahmani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine-Microbiology, Apollo Hospitals, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaoli","family":"Basu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine-Microbiology, P.D. Hinduja Hospital and Medical Research Centre, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia J.","family":"Simner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Minnesota, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Priti","family":"Kambli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine-Microbiology, P.D. Hinduja Hospital and Medical Research Centre, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anjali","family":"Shetty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine-Microbiology, P.D. Hinduja Hospital and Medical Research Centre, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camilla","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine-Microbiology, P.D. Hinduja Hospital and Medical Research Centre, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10894","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1976_2024\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics8030122","article-title":"Present and future of carbapenem-resistant enterobacteriaceae (CRE) infections","volume":"8","author":"Suay-Garc\u00eda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antibiotics (Basel)"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1976_2024\/ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-777X.176149","article-title":"Laboratory detection and clinical implication of oxacillinase-48 like carbapenemase: The hidden threat","volume":"8","author":"Bakthavatchalam","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Glob Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1976_2024\/ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S521","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz824","article-title":"Epidemiology and diagnostics of carbapenem resistance in gram-negative bacteria","volume":"69","author":"Nordmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1976_2024\/ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1955","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkx089","article-title":"Prospective evaluation of the OKN k-SeT assay, a new multiplex immunochromatographic test for the rapid detection of OXA-48-like, KPC and NDM carbapenemases","volume":"72","author":"Glupczynski","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1976_2024\/ref-6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.35.1.147","article-title":"Transferable imipenem resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"35","author":"Watanabe","year":"1991","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1976_2024\/ref-7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1584","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.43.7.1584","article-title":"Cloning and characterization of blaVIM, a new integron-borne metallo-\u03b2-lactamase gene from a pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolate","volume":"43","author":"Lauretti","year":"1999","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1976_2024\/ref-8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1969","DOI":"10.4103\/0366-6999.160566","article-title":"New Delhi Metallo-\u03b2-Lactamase-mediated carbapenem resistance: Origin, diagnosis, treatment and public health concern","volume":"128","author":"Wei","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chin Med J (Engl)"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1976_2024\/ref-9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2019.07.005","article-title":"Dynamics and molecular features of OXA-48-like-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae lineages in a Tunisian hospital","volume":"20","author":"Messaoudi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Glob Antimicrob Resist"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1976_2024\/ref-10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics3030285","article-title":"Evolution of Metallo-\u03b2-lactamases: Trends revealed by natural diversity and in vitro evolution","volume":"3","author":"Meini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antibiotics (Basel)"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1976_2024\/ref-11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9040186","article-title":"The current burden of carbapenemases: Review of significant properties and dissemination among gram-negative bacteria","volume":"9","author":"Hammoudi Halat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antibiotics (Basel)"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1976_2024\/ref-12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2249","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkx148","article-title":"Genomic epidemiology of global VIM-producing Enterobacteriaceae","volume":"72","author":"Matsumura","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1976_2024\/ref-13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00115","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00115-18","article-title":"NDM Metallo-\u03b2-Lactamases and their bacterial producers in health care settings","volume":"32","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1976_2024\/ref-15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.05247-11","article-title":"Value of the modified hodge test for detection of emerging carbapenemases in enterobacteriaceae","volume":"50","author":"Girlich","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1976_2024\/ref-16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6437","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01395-12","article-title":"Rapid identification of carbapenemase types in enterobacteriaceae and pseudomonas spp. by using a biochemical test","volume":"56","author":"Dortet","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1976_2024\/ref-17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02338-16","article-title":"Comparison of 11 phenotypic assays for accurate detection of carbapenemase-producing enterobacteriaceae","volume":"55","author":"Tamma","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1976_2024\/ref-18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.03094-14","article-title":"Matrix-Assisted laser desorption ionization\u2013time of flight mass spectrometry meropenem hydrolysis assay with NH4HCO3, a reliable tool for direct detection of carbapenemase activity","volume":"53","author":"Papagiannitsis","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1976_2024\/ref-19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609856","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.609856","article-title":"Evaluation of the immunochromatographic NG-Test Carba 5, RESIST-5 o.O.K.N.V., and IMP k-SeT for rapid detection of KPC-, NDM-, IMP-, VIM-type, and OXA-48-like carbapenemase among enterobacterales","volume":"11","author":"Han","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1976_2024\/ref-20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00050","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00050-18","article-title":"Multiplex immunochromatographic detection of OXA-48, KPC, and NDM carbapenemases: Impact of inoculum, antibiotics, and agar","volume":"56","author":"Saleh","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1976_2024\/ref-21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.3343\/alm.2020.40.3.259","article-title":"Rapid identification of OXA-48-like, KPC, NDM, and VIM carbapenemase-producing enterobacteriaceae from culture: evaluation of the RESIST-4 o.K.N.V multiplex lateral flow assay","volume":"40","author":"Song","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Lab Med"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1976_2024\/ref-22","first-page":"328","article-title":"Carbapenemase investigation with rapid phenotypic test (RESIST-4 o.K.N.V) and comparison with PCR in carbapenem-resistant enterobacterales strains","volume":"14","author":"Ya\u015far-Duman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Iran J Microbiol"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1976_2024\/ref-23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12010096","article-title":"Comparison of lateral flow immunochromatography and phenotypic assays to PCR for the Detection of carbapenemase-producing gram-negative bacteria, a multicenter experience in Mexico","volume":"12","author":"Mendez-Sotelo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Antibiotics (Basel)"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1976_2024\/ref-24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1186\/s12941-021-00469-0","article-title":"Multiplex lateral flow immunochromatographic assay is an effective method to detect carbapenemases without risk of OXA-48-like cross reactivity","volume":"20","author":"Kon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_1976_2024\/ref-25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10040460","article-title":"Performance evaluation of the newly developed in vitro rapid diagnostic test for detecting OXA-48-Like, KPC-, NDM-, VIM- and IMP-type carbapenemases: The RESIST-5 o.K.N.V.I multiplex lateral flow assay","volume":"10","author":"Hong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antibiotics (Basel)"}],"container-title":["The Indian Journal of Medical Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/ijmr.org.in\/evaluation-of-the-rapid-lateral-flow-assay-lfa-for-detection-of-five-major-carbapenemase-enzyme-families-in-genotypically-characterised-bacterial-isolates\/","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/ijmr.org.in\/evaluation-of-the-rapid-lateral-flow-assay-lfa-for-detection-of-five-major-carbapenemase-enzyme-families-in-genotypically-characterised-bacterial-isolates\/","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]],"date-time":"2025-08-08T16:27:59Z","timestamp":1754670479000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/ijmr.org.in\/evaluation-of-the-rapid-lateral-flow-assay-lfa-for-detection-of-five-major-carbapenemase-enzyme-families-in-genotypically-characterised-bacterial-isolates\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]]},"references-count":23,"alternative-id":["10.25259\/IJMR_1976_2024"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25259\/ijmr_1976_2024","relation":{},"ISSN":["0971-5916"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0971-5916","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]]},"article-number":"699"}}