{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T08:18:00Z","timestamp":1769933880278,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Scientific Scholar","content-domain":{"domain":["ijmr.org.in"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Indian J Med Res"],"abstract":"\n Background & objectives<\/jats:title>\n \n To evaluate the progressive changes in the antibiotic resistance gene (\n ARG<\/jats:italic>\n ) profile by investigating their presence at different time points in the gut of infants during early life.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n Stool samples of 54 full-term healthy infants at birth at 6, 14, and 36 wk were processed to examine the presence of 20 antibiotic-resistance genes. McNemar\u2019s test was used to check the statistical significance of the change in prevalence of genes across various time points. Chi-square test and logical regression were performed to evaluate the influence of clinical and demographic factors on the carriage of ARGs during early life.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Infants predominantly carried genes that conferred resistance to beta-lactams (80.6%), macrolides (MSL\n B<\/jats:sub>\n ) (70%), and the sulphonamide (61%) class of antibiotics. ARG carriage peaked at 6 wk and 14 wk with a significant increase in the proportion of genes like\n bla<\/jats:italic>\n TEM<\/jats:sub>\n ,\n catB<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n oqxA<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n sul1<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n ermB<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n tet<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n bla<\/jats:italic>\n SHV<\/jats:sub>\n (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n : <0.05) from birth to 6 wk. Caesarean-section [\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.001; odds ratio (OR): 6.93; confidence interval (CI): 2.06-23.26] and maternal exposure to cephalosporins postpartum (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n value = 0.013; OR: 4.16; CI: 1.31-13.17) had a significant influence on the increased carriage of the\n bla<\/jats:italic>\n CTX-M<\/jats:sub>\n gene at 6 wk of life.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Interpretation & conclusions<\/jats:title>\n Our findings demonstrate that infants carry a diverse range of ARGs, with peak prevalence observed at 6 and 14 wk. Delivery mode and maternal antibiotic exposure significantly impact ARG carriage, emphasising the need for targeted interventions to reduce antibiotic resistance in early life.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.25259\/ijmr_2096_2024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T17:34:35Z","timestamp":1769880875000},"page":"888-894","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25259\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Temporal dynamics & determinants of antibiotic resistance gene profiles in the infant gut during the first year of life"],"prefix":"10.25259","volume":"162","author":[{"given":"Saahithya","family":"Mahesh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 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