{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T05:45:41Z","timestamp":1785735941024,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"Scientific Scholar","content-domain":{"domain":["ijmr.org.in"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Indian J Med Res"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Antimicrobial resistance is a major concern due to multidrug-resistant pathogens. Advances in smartphone technology provide opportunity to digitise antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST). This study aimed to develop and validate an in-house semi-automated smartphone application (app) for the measurement and interpretation of AST.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In this prospective validation study, an in-house app was developed using an AI-assisted coding workflow. The app uses a digital calibration algorithm that correlates pixel dimensions with millimetres (mm). AST was performed using the Kirby\u2013Bauer disk diffusion method (KBDD) on\n                      <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      (n=48), and\n                      <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      (n=15) and zone diameters were measured manually, interpreted using Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) followed by analysis of the same plates using the app.\n                      <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      (14 drugs) required at least two Mueller\u2013Hinton agar (MHA) plates per isolate, while\n                      <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      (22 drugs) required at least three MHA plates per isolate.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>AST was performed on 1,000 antibiotic disks. Zone diameters were measured and interpreted by both methods. Categorical agreement was 90.4%. Unweighted Cohen\u2019s Kappa was 0.836 (95% CI: 0.806\u20130.866). Categorical discrepancies occurred in 96 antibiotic disks. Very major, major, and minor error rates were 0%, 0.83%, and 9.2%, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Interpretation and conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The app demonstrated reliable interpretation of AST, with high categorical agreement and less than 1% major error rates, supporting its safety for resistance detection. This approach offers a user-friendly alternative for busy, resource-limited settings that can be used routinely.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.25259\/ijmr_214_2026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,2]],"date-time":"2026-08-02T19:47:27Z","timestamp":1785700047000},"page":"220-226","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25259\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A mobile based antimicrobial susceptibility testing device - prototype development and validation"],"prefix":"10.25259","volume":"164","author":[{"given":"Anu","family":"Aravindh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Dr Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akanksha","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Dr Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manodeep","family":"Sen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Dr Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anupam","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Dr Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jyotsna","family":"Agarwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Dr Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10894","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_214_2026\/ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11040427","article-title":"Antimicrobial susceptibility testing: A comprehensive review of currently used methods","volume":"11","author":"Gajic","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antibiotics (Basel)."},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_214_2026\/ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eimce.2022.12.009","article-title":"Recommendations of the Spanish antibiogram committee (COESANT) for in vitro susceptibility testing of antimicrobial agents by disk diffusion","volume":"41","author":"Rivera","year":"2023","journal-title":"Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin (Engl Ed)."},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_214_2026\/ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-13-225","article-title":"Standardisation 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