{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T18:09:12Z","timestamp":1781114952959,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Scientific Scholar","content-domain":{"domain":["ijmr.org.in"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Indian J Med Res"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Emerging evidence indicates a complex relationship between glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) levels and motor symptom severity in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Both elevated (&gt;6.1%) and low (&lt;5.3%) HbA1c have been linked to increased disability. This study examined the association between HbA1c levels and motor symptoms in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease from Jodhpur, India.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cross-sectional observational study was conducted at the department of Neurology, Mathura Das Mathur Hospital, Jodhpur between March 2023 and February 2024. One hundred patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease patients fulfilling the UK Parkinson\u2019s Disease Society Brain Bank (UKPDSBB) criteria were enrolled. Participants underwent HbA1c testing, motor evaluation with the Unified Parkinson\u2019s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS III) in ON and OFF states, and cognitive screening with the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). Patients were categorised into three groups based on HbA1c: \u22644.9% (Low), 5.0\u20135.9% (Normal-to-Prediabetic), and \u22656.0% (High). Disease duration and medication history were also recorded.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      No significant group differences were found for age, sex, body mass index (BMI), or disease duration, between the three groups, based on HbA1c levels. UPDRS and MoCA scores differed significantly across HbA1c categories (\n                      <jats:italic>P&lt;<\/jats:italic>\n                      0.001). Higher HbA1c strongly correlated with worse motor outcomes (UPDRS ON: Spearman\u2019s \u03c1=0.90; OFF: \u03c1=0.84) and poorer cognition (MoCA: \u03c1= \u20130.79).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Interpretation and conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Elevated HbA1c levels were significantly associated with greater motor impairment and cognitive dysfunction in Parkinson\u2019s disease. These findings highlight the potential role of metabolic dysregulation in progression of Parkinson\u2019s disease and underscore the need for longitudinal studies to clarify causal links and therapeutic implications.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.25259\/ijmr_2218_2025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T17:43:47Z","timestamp":1781113427000},"page":"786-792","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25259\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) levels and motor symptoms in Parkinson\u2019s disease"],"prefix":"10.25259","volume":"163","author":[{"given":"Nikhil","family":"Choudhary","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Government Physiotherapy College, Dr. S.N. Medical College, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naveen","family":"Seervi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Mathura Das Mathur Hospital, Dr. S.N. Medical College, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amita","family":"Bhargava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Mathura Das Mathur Hospital, Dr. S.N. Medical College, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shubhakaran","family":"Khichar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Mathura Das Mathur Hospital, Dr. S.N. Medical College, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10894","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_2218_2025\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61393-3","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"386","author":"Kalia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_2218_2025\/ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(19)30024-9","article-title":"CSF and blood biomarkers for Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"18","author":"Parnetti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_2218_2025\/ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1007\/s12264-019-00433-1","article-title":"Biomarkers for Parkinson\u2019s disease: How good are they?","volume":"36","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurosci Bull."},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_2218_2025\/ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120851","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2023.120851","article-title":"Impact of diabetes and glycated hemoglobin level on the clinical manifestations of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"454","author":"Ogaki","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci."},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_2218_2025\/ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1430","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.28545","article-title":"BioPark study group. Euglycemia indicates favorable motor outcome in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"36","author":"Markaki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mov Disord."},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_2218_2025\/ref-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.29009","article-title":"Diabetes, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and neuroaxonal damage in Parkinson\u2019s disease (MARK-PD study)","volume":"37","author":"Uyar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mov Disord."},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_2218_2025\/ref-7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.28829","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease and type 2 diabetes: HbA1c is associated with motor and cognitive severity","volume":"37","author":"Huxford","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mov Disord."},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_2218_2025\/ref-8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2011.12.008","article-title":"Dementia is associated with insulin resistance in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"315","author":"Bosco","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci."},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_2218_2025\/ref-9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.55.3.181","article-title":"Accuracy of clinical diagnosis of idiopathic Parkinson\u2019s disease: A clinico-pathological study of 100 cases","volume":"55","author":"Hughes","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry."},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_2218_2025\/ref-10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2019.09.022","article-title":"Validity and reliability of Hindi translated version of Montreal cognitive assessment in older adults","volume":"45","author":"Gupta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Asian J Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_2218_2025\/ref-11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2838669","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/2838669","article-title":"Investigation of the possible correlation between idiopathic Parkinson\u2019s disease and diabetes mellitus in Egyptian patients: A pilot study","volume":"2021","author":"Awad Allah Elgnainy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurol Res Int."},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_2218_2025\/ref-12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/bf02294183","article-title":"Sample size requirements for estimating pearson, Kendall and Spearman correlations","volume":"65","author":"Bonett","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychometrika."},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_2218_2025\/ref-13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e139","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000005771","article-title":"Association between diabetes and subsequent Parkinson disease: A record-linkage cohort study","volume":"91","author":"De Pablo-Fernandez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_2218_2025\/ref-14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.51343","article-title":"Effect of diabetes control status on the progression of Parkinson\u2019s disease: A prospective study","volume":"8","author":"Ou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Clin Transl Neurol."},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_2218_2025\/ref-15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25211","article-title":"Diabetes and risk of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"28","author":"Cereda","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mov Disord."},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_2218_2025\/ref-16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e02082","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.2082","article-title":"Association between diabetes mellitus and risk of Parkinson\u2019s disease: A PRISMA-compliant meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Behav."},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_2218_2025\/ref-17","first-page":"2","article-title":"MPTP: Insights into the etiology of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"26","author":"Langston","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur Neurol."},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_2218_2025\/ref-18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00062.2017","article-title":"Brain glucose metabolism: Integration of energetics with function","volume":"99","author":"Dienel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physiol Rev."},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_2218_2025\/ref-19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2013.07.001","article-title":"Sugar for the brain: The role of glucose in physiological and pathological brain function","volume":"36","author":"Mergenthaler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_2218_2025\/ref-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2018.05.010","article-title":"Dopaminergic neurodegeneration in a rat model of long-term hyperglycemia: Preferential degeneration of the nigrostriatal motor pathway","volume":"69","author":"Renaud","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging."},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_2218_2025\/ref-21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12366","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222212366","article-title":"Diabetes and cognitive impairment: A role for glucotoxicity and dopaminergic dysfunction","volume":"22","author":"Pignalosa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci."},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_2218_2025\/ref-22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1636","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.28124","article-title":"Diabetes causes dysfunctional dopamine neurotransmission favoring nigrostriatal degeneration in Mice","volume":"35","author":"P\u00e9rez-Taboada","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mov Disord."},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_2218_2025\/ref-23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s40035-022-00288-z","article-title":"Long-term hyperglycemia aggravates \u03b1-synuclein aggregation and dopaminergic neuronal loss in a Parkinson\u2019s disease mouse model","volume":"11","author":"Lv","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transl Neurodegener."},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_2218_2025\/ref-24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1007\/s12264-019-00459-5","article-title":"Thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) regulates parkin\/PINK1-mediated mitophagy in dopaminergic neurons under high-glucose conditions: Implications for molecular links between Parkinson\u2019s disease and diabetes","volume":"36","author":"Su","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurosci Bull."},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_2218_2025\/ref-25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-013-1149-z","article-title":"A further update on the role of excitotoxicity in the pathogenesis of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"121","author":"Ambrosi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neural Transm."},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_2218_2025\/ref-26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-191768","article-title":"The novel dual GLP-1\/GIP receptor agonist DA-CH5 Is superior to single GLP-1 receptor agonists in the MPTP model of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"JPD."},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_2218_2025\/ref-27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.3109\/00207459309003322","article-title":"The relationship between diabetes mellitus and Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"69","author":"Sandyk","year":"1993","journal-title":"Int J Neurosci."},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_2218_2025\/ref-28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-212725","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus and Parkinson\u2019s disease: A systematic review and meta-analyses","volume":"11","author":"Komici","year":"2021","journal-title":"JPD."},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_2218_2025\/ref-29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2021.06.002","article-title":"Prediabetes, type 2 diabetes mellitus and risk of Parkinson\u2019s disease: A population-based cohort study","volume":"89","author":"S\u00e1nchez-G\u00f3mez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Park Relat Disord."}],"container-title":["The Indian Journal of Medical Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/ijmr.org.in\/glycated-haemoglobin-hba1c-levels-and-motor-symptoms-in-parkinsons-disease\/","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/ijmr.org.in\/glycated-haemoglobin-hba1c-levels-and-motor-symptoms-in-parkinsons-disease\/","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T17:43:48Z","timestamp":1781113428000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/ijmr.org.in\/glycated-haemoglobin-hba1c-levels-and-motor-symptoms-in-parkinsons-disease\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]]},"references-count":29,"alternative-id":["10.25259\/IJMR_2218_2025"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25259\/ijmr_2218_2025","relation":{},"ISSN":["0971-5916"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0971-5916","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]]},"article-number":"786"}}