{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T12:08:46Z","timestamp":1779797326816,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Scientific Scholar","content-domain":{"domain":["ijmr.org.in"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Indian J Med Res"],"abstract":"\n Background and objectives<\/jats:title>\n Inappropriate gestational weight gain is a significant risk factor for adverse pregnancy outcomes. Women in low- and middle-income countries, often receive insufficient attention on weight management during antenatal care. We estimated the proportions of inadequate and excessive gestational weight gain (GWG) and identified the associated factors. We also examined the relationship between GWG and adverse pregnancy outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n A prospective cohort study was conducted among 465 pregnant women recruited from six primary health centres in Puducherry, India. Participants were enrolled at less than 14 weeks of gestation and were subsequently monitored at delivery and two months postpartum. Multivariable linear regression identified factors associated with GWG, while multivariable log-binomial regression assessed the association between GWG and adverse pregnancy outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Total 408 women were included in the final analysis; of these, 48.5% [95% confidence interval (CI): 43.6\u201353.5; n=198] had inadequate GWG and 19.1% (95% CI: 15.4\u201323.3; n=78) had excessive GWG. Women from joint families, nulliparous women, and those in higher socioeconomic classes gained significantly more weight (1.08 kg, 1.89 kg, and 1.57 kg, respectively;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n <0.05). Compared to underweight women, overweight\/obese women gained 2.4 kg less GWG (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n <0.001). The proportions of caesarean deliveries, gestational diabetes mellitus, and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit admissions were higher in women with inadequate GWG (34.7%, 18.7%, and 10.4%, respectively,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n >0.05) and excessive GWG (45.3%, 14.5%, and 16%, respectively,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n >0.05) compared to those with adequate GWG.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Interpretation and conclusions<\/jats:title>\n In our cohort, nearly half of the pregnant women experienced inadequate GWG, and only one-third achieved adequate GWG. The study identified family type, socioeconomic status, parity, and pre-pregnancy BMI as significant predictors of GWG.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.25259\/ijmr_2230_2025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,17]],"date-time":"2026-05-17T12:14:30Z","timestamp":1779020070000},"page":"679-686","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25259\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Gestational weight gain and adverse pregnancy outcomes among pregnant women attending primary health centres in Puducherry: Results from the JANMAM pregnancy cohort"],"prefix":"10.25259","volume":"163","author":[{"given":"Namita","family":"Patel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haritha","family":"Sagili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jayaprakash","family":"Sahoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Balasubramaniyan","family":"Vairappan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bharati","family":"Kulkarni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, Telangana, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lindsey","family":"Mina Locks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences and Global Health, Boston University, Boston, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Subitha","family":"Lakshminarayanan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10894","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_2230_2025\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1111\/jhn.12999","article-title":"Overweight, obesity and excessive weight gain in pregnancy as risk factors for adverse pregnancy outcomes: A narrative review","volume":"35","author":"Langley-Evans","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Hum Nutr Diet."},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_2230_2025\/ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-019-2411-7","article-title":"The effect of gestational weight gain on perinatal outcomes among Chinese twin gestations based on Institute of Medicine guidelines","volume":"19","author":"Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth."},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_2230_2025\/ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-018-1128-1","article-title":"Gestational weight gain across continents and ethnicity: Systematic review and meta-analysis of maternal and infant outcomes in more than one million women","volume":"16","author":"Goldstein","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_2230_2025\/ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e072249","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2022-072249","article-title":"Suboptimal gestational weight gain and neonatal outcomes in low and middle income countries: Individual participant data meta-analysis","volume":"382","author":"Perumal","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_2230_2025\/ref-5","volume-title":"Weight Gain During Pregnancy: Reexamining the Guidelines","author":"Institute of Medicine (US) and National Research Council (US) Committee to Reexamine IOM Pregnancy Weight Guidelines","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_2230_2025\/ref-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"i555","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i555","article-title":"Gestational weight gain standards based on women enrolled in the fetal growth longitudinal study of the INTERGROWTH-21st project: A prospective longitudinal cohort study","volume":"352","author":"Cheikh Ismail","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_2230_2025\/ref-7","first-page":"237","article-title":"Nutrition during pregnancy: Part I weight gain: Part II nutrient supplements","volume":"37","author":"Institute of medicine","year":"1947","journal-title":"J Iowa State Med Soc."},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_2230_2025\/ref-8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e003423","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2020-003423","article-title":"Gestational weight gain in low-income and middle-income countries: A modelling analysis using nationally representative data","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health."},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_2230_2025\/ref-9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3302","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1416964112","article-title":"Prepregnancy body mass and weight gain during pregnancy in India and Sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"112","author":"Coffey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A."},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_2230_2025\/ref-10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.4103\/ijem.IJEM_557_16","article-title":"Gestational weight gain and pregnancy outcomes in relation to body mass index in Asian Indian Women","volume":"21","author":"Bhavadharini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indian J Endocrinol Metab."},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_2230_2025\/ref-13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12010170","article-title":"Patterns of weight change one year after delivery are associated with cardiometabolic risk factors at six years postpartum in Mexican women","volume":"12","author":"Soria-Contreras","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_2230_2025\/ref-14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_1478_22","article-title":"Updated BG Prasad\u2019s classification for the year 2022","volume":"12","author":"Pentapati","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Family Med Prim Care."},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_2230_2025\/ref-17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1017\/S2040174420000926","article-title":"Measured weight in early pregnancy is a valid method for estimating pre-pregnancy weight","volume":"12","author":"Inskip","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Dev Orig Health Dis."},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_2230_2025\/ref-18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1022990","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.1022990","article-title":"Gestational weight gain in the REVAMP pregnancy cohort in Western India: Comparison with international and national references","volume":"9","author":"Dangat","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)."},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_2230_2025\/ref-19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-021-01040-y","article-title":"Gestational weight gain trajectories in GARBH\u2013Ini pregnancy cohort in North India and a comparative analysis with global references","volume":"76","author":"Thiruvengadam","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr."},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_2230_2025\/ref-20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1111\/jog.12115","article-title":"Cross-sectional study of gestational weight gain and perinatal outcomes in pregnant women at a tertiary care center in Southern India","volume":"40","author":"Radhakrishnan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Obstet Gynaecol Res."},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_2230_2025\/ref-21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cegh.2023.101364","article-title":"Burden of excessive gestational weight gain and postpartum weight retention among Indian women - A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"23","author":"Patel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Epidemiology Glob Health."},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_2230_2025\/ref-22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-18024-9","article-title":"National and regional prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus in India: A systematic review and Meta-analysis","volume":"24","author":"Mantri","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Public Health."},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_2230_2025\/ref-23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.36348\/sijog.2024.v07i06.004","article-title":"Prevalence of pregnancy induced hypertension in women attending antenatal clinic in a tertiary care hospital in Maharashtra","volume":"7","author":"Mishra","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sch Int J Obstet Gynec."},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_2230_2025\/ref-24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.4103\/jme.jme_168_20","article-title":"Prevalence of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy in India","volume":"2","author":"Dhinwa","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Med Evid."},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_2230_2025\/ref-25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0287919","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0287919","article-title":"Correlates of low birth weight and preterm birth in India","volume":"18","author":"Jana","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_2230_2025\/ref-26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3125","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_2404_21","article-title":"Utility of anthropometric measures to identify small for gestational age newborns: A study from Eastern India","volume":"11","author":"Annigeri","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Family Med Prim Care."}],"container-title":["The Indian Journal of Medical Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/ijmr.org.in\/gestational-weight-gain-and-adverse-pregnancy-outcomes-among-pregnant-women-attending-primary-health-centres-in-puducherry-results-from-the-janmam-pregnancy-cohort\/","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/ijmr.org.in\/gestational-weight-gain-and-adverse-pregnancy-outcomes-among-pregnant-women-attending-primary-health-centres-in-puducherry-results-from-the-janmam-pregnancy-cohort\/","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T11:54:12Z","timestamp":1779796452000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/ijmr.org.in\/gestational-weight-gain-and-adverse-pregnancy-outcomes-among-pregnant-women-attending-primary-health-centres-in-puducherry-results-from-the-janmam-pregnancy-cohort\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]]},"references-count":22,"alternative-id":["10.25259\/IJMR_2230_2025"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25259\/ijmr_2230_2025","relation":{},"ISSN":["0971-5916"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0971-5916","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]]},"article-number":"679"}}