{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T17:25:04Z","timestamp":1790270704035,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"Scientific Scholar","content-domain":{"domain":["ijmr.org.in"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Indian J Med Res"],"abstract":"\n Background and objectives<\/jats:title>\n Obesity is a chronic disease with its onset as early as infancy. This study was conducted to determine risk factors of obesity in infants and young children below 2 years of age.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n For this case-control study, obese children aged 1 month to 2 years were enrolled as cases. Controls were age, sex and calendar matched non-obese children from the same setting (1:1). Sociodemographic characteristics, clinical features and potential risk factors (parental obesity, maternal weight gain during pregnancy, low birth weight, cessation of exclusive breastfeeding before 6 months of age, introduction of semisolid feeds before 6 months of age, formula feeding at enrolment, bottle feeding at enrolment, junk food consumption, and lifestyle diseases in family) were noted. Obesity was defined as weight-for-length or BMI-for-age more than 3 standard deviations above median as per World Health Organization 2006 growth charts.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Univariate analysis on 52 pairs (22 male pairs) showed maternal pre-conceptional BMI>25 kg\/m\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n , maternal BMI>25 kg\/m\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n paternal BMI>23 kg\/m\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n , bottle feeding and\/or formula feeding at enrolment, cessation of exclusive breastfeeding before 6 months, junk food consumption, and lifestyle diseases in family as risk factors. With multivariable logistic regression, maternal BMI>25 kg\/m\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n at enrolment [Adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 11.25, 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.66-34.49,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n <0.001], formula feeding (aOR 6.13, 95% CI 1.33-28.17,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n =0.020) and lifestyle diseases in family (aOR 6.88, 95% CI 1.83-25.88,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n =0.004) were identified as significant risk factors.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Interpretations and conclusions<\/jats:title>\n \n Risk factors of obesity in children below 2 years of age were included maternal pre-conceptional BMI>25 kg\/m\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n , maternal BMI>25 kg\/m\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n at enrolment, formula feeding at enrolment, and lifestyle diseases in family.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.25259\/ijmr_2621_2025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T04:14:19Z","timestamp":1776831259000},"page":"450-455","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25259\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Risk factors of obesity among infants and young children below 2 years of age: A case control study"],"prefix":"10.25259","volume":"163","author":[{"given":"Reshma Raj Meena","family":"Pushparajan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Government Medical College Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Priya","family":"Sreenivasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Government Medical College Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ajithkrishnan Anandakrishnan","family":"Sarasam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Government Medical College Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10894","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_2621_2025\/ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3621","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14173621","article-title":"Overweight\/obesity prevalence among under-five children and risk factors in India: A cross-sectional study using the national family health survey (2015\u20132016)","volume":"14","author":"Saha","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_2621_2025\/ref-5","first-page":"438","article-title":"Overweight and obesity","volume-title":"Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics","volume":"Volume 1","author":"Gahagan","year":"2025","edition":"22nd 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obesity","volume":"8","author":"Perryman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prev Chronic Dis."},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_2621_2025\/ref-13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13853","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.13853","article-title":"Sharing the motherload: A review and development of the CO-Parent conceptual model for early childhood obesity prevention","volume":"26","author":"Kuswara","year":"2025","journal-title":"Obes Rev."},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_2621_2025\/ref-14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2451","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16152451","article-title":"Risk of fat mass- and obesity-associated gene-dependent obesogenic programming by formula feeding compared to breastfeeding","volume":"16","author":"Melnik","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_2621_2025\/ref-15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12304","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182312304","article-title":"Interventions targeting bottle and formula feeding in the prevention and treatment of 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