{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T23:41:53Z","timestamp":1792194113032,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Scientific Scholar","content-domain":{"domain":["ijmr.org.in"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Indian J Med Res"],"abstract":"\n Background & objectives<\/jats:title>\n While obesity usually produces cardio-metabolic dysfunction, some obese individuals are metabolically healthy, and conversely, some nonobese individuals have significant metabolic dysfunction. This study aims to assess the national prevalence of various obesity subtypes and their association with type 2 diabetes (T2D), coronary artery disease (CAD), and chronic kidney disease (CKD) in the Indian Council of Medical Research-India Diabetes (ICMR-INDIAB) study.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n The ICMR-INDIAB study is a nationally representative cross-sectional survey of 1,13,043 individuals aged \u226520 yr from urban and rural areas across 31 Indian States and Union Territories. In every fifth individual (n=19,370), venous blood glucose and lipids were measured. A body mass index (BMI) \u226525 kg\/m\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n was defined as being obese, and metabolic obesity was diagnosed if two risk factors, out of the following: high waist circumference, high blood pressure, elevated blood glucose, raised serum triglycerides, or low HDL cholesterol, were present. Four subgroups were identified: Metabolically Healthy Non-Obese (MHNO), Metabolically Healthy Obese (MHO), Metabolically Obese Non-Obese (MONO), and Metabolically Obese Obese (MOO).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n The prevalence of various obesity subtypes was as follows: MONO: 43.3 per cent [95% confidence interval (CI): 42.6-44%], MOO: 28.3 per cent (27.7-28.9%), MHNO: 26.6 per cent (26-27.2%), and MHO: 1.8 per cent (1.6-2%). MONO was more prevalent in rural areas [Rural\n vs.<\/jats:italic>\n Urban: MONO: 46 per cent (45-46.9%)\n vs.<\/jats:italic>\n 39.6 per cent (37.8-41.3%),\n P<<\/jats:italic>\n 0.001]. MOO showed the highest risk for T2D and CAD, while MONO showed the highest risk of CKD, especially among females.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Interpretation & conclusions<\/jats:title>\n Individuals with MONO have a distinct phenotype with adverse metabolic consequences, highlighting the need to shift from body weight-focused approaches to broader strategies to identify and tackle non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in India.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.25259\/ijmr_328_2025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]],"date-time":"2025-06-30T14:04:47Z","timestamp":1751292287000},"page":"461-472","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25259\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["High prevalence of metabolic obesity in India: The ICMR-INDIAB national study (ICMR-INDIAB-23)"],"prefix":"10.25259","volume":"161","author":[{"given":"Mohan","family":"Deepa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajendra","family":"Pradeepa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research Operations & Diabetes Complications, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulagamadesan","family":"Venkatesan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prabha","family":"Adhikari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Medicine, Yenepoya Medical College, Mangalore, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiranya Kumar","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, NE Region, Dibrugarh, Assam, 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of Health Services (MI), Shillong, Meghalaya, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anil","family":"Bhansali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lobsang","family":"Jampa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Directorate of Health Services, Arunachal Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vizolie","family":"Suokhrie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Directorate of Health & Family Welfare, Government of Nagaland, Nagaland, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sunil M.","family":"Jain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TOTALL Diabetes Thyroid Hormone Research Institute Pvt Ltd, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, 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India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taranga","family":"Reang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, Government Medical College, Agartala, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sri Venkata","family":"Madhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, University College of Medical Sciences and GTB Hospital, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elangovan","family":"Nirmal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research Operations & Diabetes Complications, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Radhakrishnan","family":"Subashini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sudha","family":"Vasudevan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Nutrition and Dietetics Research, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arumugam","family":"Muruganathan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shristi A.G. 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