{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T23:09:09Z","timestamp":1790809749258,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Scientific Scholar","content-domain":{"domain":["ijmr.org.in"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Indian J Med Res"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Tuberculosis (TB) and viral hepatitis (hepatitis B and C) co-infection is a significant threat in low-and middle-income countries like India. To optimise treatment protocols and prevent liver-related complications, it is essential to estimate the burden of these co-infections. This systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to determine the prevalence of hepatitis B and C co-infection with tuberculosis in India.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In line with PRISMA guidelines, a systematic search of PubMed, Scopus, Embase, CINAHL, and Web of Science was conducted for English-language observational studies published up to January 6, 2026, that reported hepatitis B or C co-infection among TB patients in India. Pooled prevalence estimates were calculated using a random-effects model, heterogeneity was assessed using the I\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      statistic, and risk of bias was evaluated using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal tool.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 11 studies with 4502 participants reporting hepatitis B or C co-infections in among TB patients in India were included. The pooled prevalence of hepatitis B was 10% [95% Confidence Interval (CI):5%\u201316%], while the pooled prevalence of hepatitis C was 6% (95% CI:5%\u20137%). Among TB patients co-infected with HIV, the pooled prevalence of hepatitis B was 17% and pooled prevalence of hepatitis B among drug-resistant TB patients was 11%. Higher rates were reported in Southern and Western India.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Interpretation and conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>High prevalence of hepatitis B and C co-infections among TB patients in India suggests the need for integrated screening and management of these co-infections within the national programme strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.25259\/ijmr_3570_2025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T17:43:51Z","timestamp":1781113431000},"page":"770-777","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25259\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Viral hepatitis co-infections with tuberculosis in India: A systematic review and 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