{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:38:00Z","timestamp":1760236680574,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":9,"publisher":"Scientific Scholar","content-domain":{"domain":["ijmr.org.in"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Indian J Med Res"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Background &amp; objectives<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>One of the major consequences of irrational drug use in treating infection is antibiotic resistance. World Health Organization (WHO) introduced the AWaRe (Access, Watch, Reserve) classification to promote the rational use of antibiotics. This study aims to assess the antibiotic-prescribing patterns in outpatient departments from a tertiary care hospital.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A cross-sectional study was conducted on the prescriptions collected from outpatient departments of a tertiary care hospital in Manipur from June to July 2024. Prescriptions containing at least one antibiotic were analysed. The prescribed antibiotics were classified using the WHO AWaRe 2023 tool. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS V 26.0 and presented as descriptive statistics.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Among the 1,339 prescriptions, 1,451 antibiotics were prescribed: 1,237 (85.2%) prescriptions included only one antibiotic, while 102 (14.8%) prescriptions contained two or more antibiotics. According to WHO AWaRe classifications, 38 per cent of the antibiotics were in the Access group, 37 per cent in the Watch group, one per cent in the Reserve group, and 24 per cent in the Not Recommended group. Only 26.3 per cent of the antibiotics were prescribed by their generic names, while 74 per cent were on the WHO essential medicines list.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Interpretation &amp; conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The antibiotic prescriptions from the Access group were below the WHO target of 60 per cent, and nearly a quarter involved non-recommended antibiotics.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.25259\/ijmr_636_2025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:45:56Z","timestamp":1760168756000},"page":"220-225","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25259\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Antibiotic\u2010prescribing patterns in outpatient departments from a tertiary care hospital in Manipur using WHO AWaRe classification"],"prefix":"10.25259","volume":"162","author":[{"given":"Soubam","family":"Christina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, Regional Institute of Medical Sciences, Imphal, Manipur, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ranchandra","family":"Nandeibam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, Regional Institute of Medical Sciences, Imphal, Manipur, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pearson","family":"R.L.","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, Regional Institute of Medical Sciences, Imphal, Manipur, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Annastasia A.","family":"Sangma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, Regional Institute of Medical Sciences, Imphal, Manipur, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H. Sanayaima","family":"Devi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, Regional Institute of Medical Sciences, Imphal, Manipur, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"10894","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_636_2025\/ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02724-0","article-title":"Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: a systematic analysis","volume":"399","author":"Antimicrobial resistance collaborators","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_636_2025\/ref-9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2580","DOI":"10.5455\/njppp.2023.13.04225202324052023","article-title":"Prescribing practices and pattern of antibacterials at tertiary care hospital in hilly state, Uttarakhand","volume":"13","author":"Gulwani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_636_2025\/ref-10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.9734\/jpri\/2021\/v33i41B32339","article-title":"Hospital antibiotic prescribing pattern in general surgery speciality: analysis based on the WHO Access, Watch and Reserve (AWaRe) classification","volume":"33","author":"Peddireddy","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Pharm Res Int"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_636_2025\/ref-11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.4236\/pp.2022.1310029","article-title":"Antibiotic prescribing patterns in adult patients according to the WHO AWaRe classification: a multi-facility cross-sectional study in primary healthcare hospitals in Lusaka, Zambia","volume":"13","author":"Mudenda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmacology Pharmacy"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_636_2025\/ref-12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12081239","article-title":"Antibiotic prescribing pattern using WHO AWaRe classification in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo","volume":"12","author":"Kakumba","year":"2023","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_636_2025\/ref-13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2872","DOI":"10.53350\/pjmhs2115112872","article-title":"Assessment of antibiotic prescription pattern using who prescribing indicators and aware categorization of antibiotics","volume":"15","author":"Mushtaq","year":"2021","journal-title":"PJMHS"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_636_2025\/ref-14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1614","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkab050","article-title":"Hospital antibiotic prescribing patterns in adult patients according to the WHO Access, Watch and Reserve classification (AWaRe): results from a worldwide point prevalence survey in 69 countries","volume":"76","author":"Pauwels","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_636_2025\/ref-15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20503121221096608","DOI":"10.1177\/20503121221096608","article-title":"Evaluation of antibiotic prescribing patterns among inpatients using World Health Organization indicators: a cross-sectional study","volume":"10","author":"Tadesse","year":"2022","journal-title":"SAGE Open Med"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_636_2025\/ref-16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_527_21","article-title":"Antibiotic-prescribing pattern in the outpatient departments using the WHO prescribing indicators and AWaRe assessment tool in a tertiary-care hospital in South India","volume":"11","author":"Priyadharsini","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Family Med Prim Care"}],"container-title":["The Indian Journal of Medical Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/ijmr.org.in\/antibioticprescribing-patterns-in-outpatient-departments-from-a-tertiary-care-hospital-in-manipur-using-who-aware-classification\/","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/ijmr.org.in\/antibioticprescribing-patterns-in-outpatient-departments-from-a-tertiary-care-hospital-in-manipur-using-who-aware-classification\/","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:45:57Z","timestamp":1760168757000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/ijmr.org.in\/antibioticprescribing-patterns-in-outpatient-departments-from-a-tertiary-care-hospital-in-manipur-using-who-aware-classification\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]]},"references-count":9,"alternative-id":["10.25259\/IJMR_636_2025"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25259\/ijmr_636_2025","relation":{},"ISSN":["0971-5916"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0971-5916","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]]},"article-number":"220"}}