{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T06:55:50Z","timestamp":1790664950631,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Scientific Scholar","content-domain":{"domain":["ijmr.org.in"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Indian J Med Res"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Varicella-zoster (VZV) virus infection can be severe in children with nephrotic syndrome. Lack of varicella vaccination through the national immunisation programme in India leaves many vulnerable to infection. We conducted this study to document the seroprevalence of Varicella antibodies in patients with nephrotic syndrome.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This cross-sectional study (Oct 2024-May 2025) was conducted at a tertiary-care teaching hospital in India, in children (1-18 y) with nephrotic syndrome (both steroid-sensitive and steroid-resistant) in disease remission. Serum VZV IgG antibodies were measured using the EUROIMMUN ELISA kit; titres \u2265100 IU\/L were considered seroprotective.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      100 patients were enrolled (median age 8 y). None had received varicella vaccination, and only two reported prior infection. Overall seroprotection was 22% with a geometric mean titre of 9.472 IU\/L [median (IQR) 7.59 (3.35; 73.38) IU\/L]. No significant difference was observed in titres between steroid-sensitive and steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      =0.532), but seroprotection increased with age (11.1% in &lt;5 y to 33.3% in &gt;10 y).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Interpretation and conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Low seroprevalence likely reflects the inadequacy of natural immunity and absence of routine varicella vaccination, warranting larger seroprevalence studies and future research on the need for priority immunisation for this high-risk population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.25259\/ijmr_734_2026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T11:27:41Z","timestamp":1789558061000},"page":"647-651","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25259\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Seroprevalence of varicella antibodies in unvaccinated children with nephrotic syndrome in disease remission"],"prefix":"10.25259","volume":"164","author":[{"given":"Bharathidasan","family":"B.","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Maulana Azad Medical College & Associated Lok Nayak Hospital, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malika","family":"Yadav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Maulana Azad Medical College & Associated Lok Nayak Hospital, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aashima","family":"Dabas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Maulana Azad Medical College & Associated Lok Nayak Hospital, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anju","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Maulana Azad Medical College & Associated Lok Nayak Hospital, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vikas","family":"Manchanda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Maulana Azad Medical College & Associated Lok Nayak Hospital, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mukta","family":"Mantan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Maulana Azad Medical College & Associated Lok Nayak Hospital, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10894","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_734_2026\/ref-1","first-page":"13","article-title":"Nephrotic syndrome in children","volume":"122","author":"Bagga","year":"2005","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res."},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_734_2026\/ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1007\/s13312-021-2217-3","article-title":"Steroid sensitive nephrotic syndrome: Revised guidelines","volume":"58","author":"Sinha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indian Pediatr."},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_734_2026\/ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15016","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2015.16","article-title":"Varicella zoster virus infection","volume":"1","author":"Gershon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers."},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_734_2026\/ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00131-10","article-title":"Correlates of protection induced by vaccination","volume":"17","author":"Plotkin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_734_2026\/ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70661","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.70661","article-title":"Varicella zoster virus infection: clinical features, molecular pathogenesis, treatment, and prevention","volume":"7","author":"Peng","year":"2026","journal-title":"MedComm (2020)."},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_734_2026\/ref-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2666","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268817001546","article-title":"A systematic review of varicella seroprevalence in European countries before universal childhood immunisation: Deriving incidence from seroprevalence data","volume":"145","author":"Bollaerts","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect."},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_734_2026\/ref-7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2019.12.015","article-title":"Seroprevalence of vaccine-preventable diseases among children and adolescents in Singapore: Results from the national paediatric seroprevalence survey 2018","volume":"92","author":"Ng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis."},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_734_2026\/ref-8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2015.07.007","article-title":"Seroepidemiology of varicella among elementary school children in northern Taiwan","volume":"50","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Microbiol Immunol Infect."},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_734_2026\/ref-9","first-page":"714","article-title":"Age related seroprevalence of antibodies to varicella in India","volume":"37","author":"Lokeshwar","year":"2000","journal-title":"Indian Pediatr."},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_734_2026\/ref-10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2125","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-013-2538-0","article-title":"Seroprotection for hepatitis B in children with nephrotic syndrome","volume":"28","author":"Mantan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol."},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_734_2026\/ref-11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2013.10.003","article-title":"Changing seroprevalence of varicella zoster virus infection in a tropical city state, Singapore","volume":"22","author":"Fatha","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis."},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_734_2026\/ref-12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.4314\/eamj.v85i10.9669","article-title":"Seroprevalence of varicella zoster antibodies among children with malnutrition, malignancies and HIV infection","volume":"85","author":"Admani","year":"2008","journal-title":"East Afr Med J."},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_734_2026\/ref-13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e107218","DOI":"10.5812\/pedinfect.107218","article-title":"Evaluation of varicella-zoster virus immunoglobulin g in children with malignancies on chemotherapy","volume":"9","author":"Nazari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Infect Dis."},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_734_2026\/ref-14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2001.64.131","article-title":"Effect of climatic factors and population density on varicella zoster virus epidemiology within a tropical country","volume":"64","author":"Lolekha","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg."},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_734_2026\/ref-15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1080\/14760584.2019.1594781","article-title":"Burden of varicella in the Asia-Pacific region: A systematic literature review","volume":"18","author":"Goh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert Rev Vaccines."},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_734_2026\/ref-16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.4103\/jrms.JRMS_979_17","article-title":"Varicella infection in the middle east: Prevalence, complications, and vaccination","volume":"23","author":"Al-Turab","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Res Med Sci."},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_734_2026\/ref-17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e36931","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000036931","article-title":"Seroprevalence of varicella-zoster virus as measured by fluorescent antibody to membrane antigen assay and glycoprotein enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay more than 10 years after initiation of a universal vaccination program: An observational study","volume":"103","author":"Ji","year":"2024","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)."},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_734_2026\/ref-18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2328955","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2024.2328955","article-title":"Expanded spectrum of varicella disease and the need for vaccination in India","volume":"20","author":"Srikanth","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hum Vaccin Immunother."},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_734_2026\/ref-19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-001-0789-7","article-title":"Varicella vaccination in children with steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome","volume":"17","author":"Alpay","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol."},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_734_2026\/ref-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2017.12.061","article-title":"Prospective study of live attenuated vaccines for patients with nephrotic syndrome receiving immunosuppressive agents","volume":"196","author":"Kamei","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Pediatr."},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_734_2026\/ref-21","first-page":"253","article-title":"Varicella vaccines","volume-title":"IAP Guidebook on immunisation by advisory committee on vaccines and immunisation practices (ACVIP)","author":"Khadke","year":"2022","edition":"4th ed"}],"container-title":["The Indian Journal of Medical Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/ijmr.org.in\/seroprevalence-of-varicella-antibodies-in-unvaccinated-children-with-nephrotic-syndrome-in-disease-remission\/","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/ijmr.org.in\/seroprevalence-of-varicella-antibodies-in-unvaccinated-children-with-nephrotic-syndrome-in-disease-remission\/","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T05:58:11Z","timestamp":1790661491000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/ijmr.org.in\/seroprevalence-of-varicella-antibodies-in-unvaccinated-children-with-nephrotic-syndrome-in-disease-remission\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"references-count":21,"alternative-id":["10.25259\/IJMR_734_2026"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25259\/ijmr_734_2026","relation":{},"ISSN":["0971-5916"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0971-5916","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"article-number":"647"}}