{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]],"date-time":"2025-08-15T01:29:25Z","timestamp":1755221365269,"version":"3.43.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Scientific Scholar","content-domain":{"domain":["ijmr.org.in"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Indian J Med Res"],"abstract":"\nBackground & objectives<\/jats:title>\nVitamin D deficiency (VDD) and variations in the vitamin D receptor (VDR<\/jats:italic>) gene are implicated in the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease (CAD). This study investigated the association between VDD, VDR<\/jats:italic> gene variants (Apa<\/jats:italic>I, Bsm<\/jats:italic>I, Fok<\/jats:italic>I, and Taq<\/jats:italic>I), and CAD risk among South Indians.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nMethods<\/jats:title>\nThe case-control study was conducted in 250 CAD patients and 260 matched controls. Serum vitamin D levels were measured by ELISA. Genotyping for VDR Apa<\/jats:italic>I (A>C, rs7975232), Bsm<\/jats:italic>I (A>G, rs1544410), Fok<\/jats:italic>I (T>C, rs2228570), and Taq<\/jats:italic>I (C>T, rs731236) was performed using the polymerase chain reaction\u2013restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nResults<\/jats:title>\nVDD was significantly higher among CAD patients (90%) than in controls (63%). Individuals with vitamin D levels <20 ng\/ml were 5.7 times more likely to have CAD when compared to those with vitamin D levels \u2265 20 ng\/ml (P<<\/jats:italic>0.001, OR=5.74, 95% CI=2.92-11.30). No correlation was observed between vitamin D levels and CAD risk factors, systolic and diastolic blood pressure (r=-0.105, P=<\/jats:italic>0.095, r=-0.049, P=<\/jats:italic>0.437), and blood glucose (r=-0.067, P=<\/jats:italic>0.304). A trend for negative correlation of vitamin D levels with cholesterol (r=-0.112, P=<\/jats:italic>0.094) and triglyceride levels (r=-0.133, P=<\/jats:italic>0.061) was observed. The VDR Taq<\/jats:italic>I variant showed significant association with reduced CAD risk in the overall analysis (Model II, OR=0.60, 95% CI=0.39-0.90, P=<\/jats:italic>0.016). The Fok<\/jats:italic>I variant was associated with an increased risk of CAD in males (Model III, OR=5.9, 95% CI=2.09-16.85, P=<\/jats:italic>0.001). However, combined analysis of VDD and VDR<\/jats:italic> gene variants indicated that neither Fok<\/jats:italic>I \u2018ff\u2019 (P=<\/jats:italic>0.145) nor Taq<\/jats:italic>I \u2018tt\u2019 (P=<\/jats:italic>0.138) genotypes significantly altered CAD risk in vitamin D-deficient subjects.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nInterpretation & conclusions<\/jats:title>\nThe findings of this study suggested that VDD was significantly higher among the CAD patients and increases the risk of CAD by 5.7-fold.This study revealed the differing roles of VDR<\/jats:italic> gene variants in CAD susceptibility and the influence of gender and other covariates.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.25259\/ijmr_905_2024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]],"date-time":"2025-08-08T16:28:02Z","timestamp":1754670482000},"page":"731-741","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25259\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Relationship between vitamin D deficiency, vitamin D receptor gene variants, and the risk of coronary artery disease among South Indians: A case-control study"],"prefix":"10.25259","volume":"161","author":[{"given":"Nandini","family":"Prakash","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology & Faculty of Medicine, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education & Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Sri Jayadeva Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Research, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nagaraja","family":"Moorthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Sri Jayadeva Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Research, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pandarisamy","family":"Sundaravadivel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Medical Research, PES University Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India"},{"name":"Department of Neurochemistry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manjunath","family":"Supriya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurochemistry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zioni","family":"Sangeetha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Allied Health Sciences, Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rita","family":"Christopher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Medical Research, PES University Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India"},{"name":"Department of Neurochemistry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saligrama R.","family":"Kalpana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Sri Jayadeva Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Research, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"10894","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_905_2024\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.25259\/mm_ijcdw_404","article-title":"The gamut of coronary artery disease in Indian women","volume":"8","author":"Vijayalakshmi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Indian J Cardiovasc Dis Women"},{"key":"10.25259\/IJMR_905_2024\/ref-2","first-page":"217","article-title":"Premature coronary artery disease in Indians and its associated risk factors","volume":"1","author":"Sharma","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vasc Health 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