{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T01:33:14Z","timestamp":1791423194548,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":116,"publisher":"Scientific Scholar","content-domain":{"domain":["indianjnephrol.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["IJN"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Membranous nephropathy (MN) is one of the most common causes of nephrotic syndrome in adults. The discovery of phospholipase A2 receptor (PLA2R) as a target antigen has led to a paradigm shift in the understanding and management of MN. At present, serum PLA2R antibodies are used for diagnosis, prognostication, and guiding treatment. Now, with the discovery of more than 20 novel target antigens, antigen mapping is almost complete. The clinical association of certain antigens provides clues for clinicians, such as the association of nerve epidermal growth factor-like 1 with malignancies and indigenous medicines. Serum antibodies are detected for most target antigens, except exostosin 1 and 2 and transforming growth factor-beta receptor 3, but their clinical utility is yet to be defined. Genome-wide association studies and studies investigating environmental factors, such as air pollution, shed more light on the underpinnings of MN. The standard therapy of MN diversified from cyclical cyclophosphamide and steroids to include rituximab and calcineurin inhibitors over the past decades. Here, we provide a cutting-edge review of MN, focusing on genetics, immune system and environmental factors, novel target antigens and their clinical characteristics, and currently available and emerging novel therapies in MN.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.25259\/ijn_317_23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,11]],"date-time":"2024-04-11T08:41:39Z","timestamp":1712824899000},"page":"105-118","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25259\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["An Updated Review of Membranous Nephropathy"],"prefix":"10.25259","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Orhan","family":"Efe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo Nikolai Hao","family":"So","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Private Practice, Manila, Philippines"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Urmila","family":"Anandh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Amrita Hospitals, Faridabad, Delhi, NCR, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edgar V.","family":"Lerma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Advocate Christ Medical Center, Oak Lawn, Illinois, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nasim","family":"Wiegley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10894","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.25259\/ijn_317_23\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199804233381707","article-title":"The nephrotic syndrome","volume":"338","author":"Orth","year":"1998","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijn_317_23\/ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3040","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfh521","article-title":"The czech registry of renal biopsies. Occurrence of renal diseases in the years 1994-2000","volume":"19","author":"Rychl\u00edk","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijn_317_23\/ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0810457","article-title":"M-type phospholipase A2 receptor as target antigen in idiopathic membranous nephropathy","volume":"361","author":"Beck","year":"2009","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijn_317_23\/ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2277","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1409354","article-title":"Thrombospondin type-1 domain-containing 7A in idiopathic membranous nephropathy","volume":"371","author":"Tomas","year":"2014","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijn_317_23\/ref-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2019.09.014","article-title":"Neural epidermal growth factor-like 1 protein (NELL-1) associated membranous nephropathy","volume":"97","author":"Sethi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijn_317_23\/ref-7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2020071082","article-title":"New \u201cAntigens\u201d in membranous nephropathy","volume":"32","author":"Sethi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijn_317_23\/ref-8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2018080852","article-title":"Exostosin 1\/exostosin 2-associated membranous nephropathy","volume":"30","author":"Sethi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijn_317_23\/ref-9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1989.81","article-title":"Heymann nephritis: Mechanisms of renal injury","volume":"35","author":"Salant","year":"1989","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijn_317_23\/ref-10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.127.3.555","article-title":"Autologous immune complex nephritis induced with renal tubular antigen. I. Identification and isolation of the pathogenetic antigen","volume":"127","author":"Edgington","year":"1968","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijn_317_23\/ref-11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2053","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa012895","article-title":"Antenatal membranous glomerulonephritis due to anti-neutral endopeptidase antibodies","volume":"346","author":"Debiec","year":"2002","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijn_317_23\/ref-12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2004121098","article-title":"Cellular response to injury in membranous nephropathy","volume":"16","author":"Nangaku","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijn_317_23\/ref-13","first-page":"179","article-title":"Glomerular C3c localization indicates ongoing immune deposit formation and complement activation in experimental glomerulonephritis","volume":"142","author":"Schulze","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijn_317_23\/ref-14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-009-1439-8","article-title":"IgG subclasses and complement pathway in segmental and global membranous nephropathy","volume":"25","author":"Segawa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol Berl Ger"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijn_317_23\/ref-15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.137.5.1511","article-title":"The membrane attack complex in complement-mediated glomerular epithelial cell injury: Formation and stability of C5b-9 and C5b-7 in rat membranous nephropathy","volume":"137","author":"Cybulsky","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijn_317_23\/ref-16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI109987","article-title":"A new role for complement in experimental membranous nephropathy in rats","volume":"66","author":"Salant","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijn_317_23\/ref-17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-36068-0","article-title":"The classical pathway triggers pathogenic complement activation in membranous nephropathy","volume":"14","author":"Seifert","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijn_317_23\/ref-18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1764","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2020.07.028","article-title":"A comprehensive phenotypic and functional immune analysis unravels circulating anti-phospholipase A2 receptor antibody secreting cells in membranous nephropathy patients","volume":"5","author":"Cantarelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Kidney Int Rep"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijn_317_23\/ref-19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfg572","article-title":"Up-regulated interleukin-4 production by peripheral T-helper cells in idiopathic membranous nephropathy","volume":"19","author":"Masutani","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijn_317_23\/ref-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1080\/08916934.2017.1385775","article-title":"Higher frequencies of circulating ICOS(+), IL-21(+) T follicular helper cells and plasma cells in patients with new-onset membranous nephropathy","volume":"50","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Autoimmunity"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijn_317_23\/ref-21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665629","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.665629","article-title":"Helper T cells in idiopathic membranous nephropathy","volume":"12","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijn_317_23\/ref-22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfx296","article-title":"Genetics of membranous nephropathy","volume":"33","author":"Gupta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijn_317_23\/ref-23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1600","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15383-w","article-title":"The genetic architecture of membranous nephropathy and its potential to improve non-invasive diagnosis","volume":"11","author":"Xie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijn_317_23\/ref-24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1016\/s0272-6386(12)80132-6","article-title":"HLA Associations in end-stage renal disease due to membranous glomerulonephritis: HLA-DR3 associations with progressive renal injury. southeastern organ procurement foundation","volume":"23","author":"Freedman","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijn_317_23\/ref-25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1009742","article-title":"Risk HLA-DQA1 and PLA(2)R1 alleles in idiopathic membranous nephropathy","volume":"364","author":"Stanescu","year":"2011","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijn_317_23\/ref-26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2012080771","article-title":"Interaction between PLA2R1 and HLA-DQA1 variants associates with anti-PLA2R antibodies and membranous nephropathy","volume":"24","author":"Lv","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijn_317_23\/ref-27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2020.07.039","article-title":"NELL1 is a target antigen in malignancy-associated membranous nephropathy","volume":"99","author":"Caza","year":"2021","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijn_317_23\/ref-28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3739","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2016010093","article-title":"Long-term exposure to air pollution and increased risk of membranous nephropathy in china","volume":"27","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijn_317_23\/ref-29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2020.03.023","article-title":"Regulatory B cells are reduced and correlate with disease activity in primary membranous nephropathy","volume":"5","author":"Ramachandran","year":"2020","journal-title":"Kidney Int Rep"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijn_317_23\/ref-30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2021.155452","article-title":"Altered Th17\/Treg ratio as a possible mechanism in pathogenesis of idiopathic membranous nephropathy","volume":"141","author":"Motavalli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijn_317_23\/ref-31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2017.01.012","article-title":"B- and T-cell subpopulations in patients with severe idiopathic membranous nephropathy may predict an early response to rituximab","volume":"92","author":"Rosenzwajg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijn_317_23\/ref-32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-008-1009-5","article-title":"Pathophysiological lessons from rare associations of immunological disorders","volume":"24","author":"Ronco","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijn_317_23\/ref-33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"C10","DOI":"10.1159\/000112466","article-title":"Familial membranous nephropathy: An X-linked genetic susceptibility?","volume":"108","author":"Bockenhauer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nephron Clin Pract"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijn_317_23\/ref-34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/s0272-6386(12)80773-6","article-title":"Two brothers with idiopathic membranous nephropathy and familial sensorineural deafness","volume":"15","author":"Meroni","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijn_317_23\/ref-35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2263","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI119764","article-title":"Susceptibility to anti-glomerular basement membrane disease and goodpasture syndrome is linked to MHC class II genes and the emergence of T cell-mediated immunity in mice","volume":"100","author":"Kalluri","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijn_317_23\/ref-36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2020.00464","article-title":"Gene panel analysis in a large cohort of patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease allows the identification of 80 potentially causative novel variants and the characterization of a complex genetic architecture in a subset of families","volume":"11","author":"Mantovani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Genet"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijn_317_23\/ref-37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8019","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms9019","article-title":"International genome-wide meta-analysis identifies new primary biliary cirrhosis risk loci and targetable pathogenic pathways","volume":"6","author":"Cordell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijn_317_23\/ref-38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.789","article-title":"Genome-wide association study identifies 12 new susceptibility loci for primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"43","author":"Mells","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijn_317_23\/ref-39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e691","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0000691","article-title":"Systematic association mapping identifies NELL1 as a novel IBD disease gene","volume":"2","author":"Franke","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijn_317_23\/ref-40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1609","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.02930322","article-title":"Toxic occupational exposures and membranous nephropathy","volume":"17","author":"Cremoni","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijn_317_23\/ref-41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2020.05.030","article-title":"Semaphorin 3B-associated membranous nephropathy is a distinct type of disease predominantly present in pediatric patients","volume":"98","author":"Sethi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijn_317_23\/ref-42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2020081165","article-title":"Protocadherin 7-associated membranous nephropathy","volume":"32","author":"Sethi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijn_317_23\/ref-43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2021111488","article-title":"Hematopoietic stem cell transplant-membranous nephropathy is associated with protocadherin FAT1","volume":"33","author":"Sethi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijn_317_23\/ref-44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.0000000000000061","article-title":"Membranous nephropathy in syphilis is associated with neuron-derived neurotrophic factor","volume":"34","author":"Sethi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijn_317_23\/ref-45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2023.04.006","article-title":"Proprotein convertase subtilisin\/kexin type 6 (PCSK6) is a likely antigenic target in membranous nephropathy and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use","volume":"104","author":"Sethi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijn_317_23\/ref-46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1666","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2020101395","article-title":"Serine protease HTRA1 as a novel target antigen in primary membranous nephropathy","volume":"32","author":"Al-Rabadi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijn_317_23\/ref-47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2021.08.014","article-title":"Contactin-1 is a novel target antigen in membranous nephropathy associated with chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy","volume":"100","author":"Le Quintrec","year":"2021","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijn_317_23\/ref-48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1823","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2022050608","article-title":"Netrin G1 is a novel target antigen in primary membranous nephropathy","volume":"33","author":"Reinhard","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijn_317_23\/ref-49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.34067\/KID.0001492021","article-title":"Transforming growth factor beta receptor 3 (tgfbr3)-associated membranous nephropathy","volume":"2","author":"Caza","year":"2021","journal-title":"Kidney 360"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijn_317_23\/ref-50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2020.09.016","article-title":"Neural cell adhesion molecule 1 is a novel autoantigen in membranous lupus nephritis","volume":"100","author":"Caza","year":"2021","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijn_317_23\/ref-51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2023.01.001","article-title":"Discovery of seven novel putative antigens in membranous nephropathy and membranous lupus nephritis identified by mass spectrometry","volume":"103","author":"Caza","year":"2023","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijn_317_23\/ref-52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2023.01.003","article-title":"Mapping antigens of membranous nephropathy: Almost there","volume":"103","author":"Sethi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijn_317_23\/ref-53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2021.01.011","article-title":"Membranous nephropathy: Classification redux?","volume":"96","author":"Glassock","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijn_317_23\/ref-54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2020.11.028","article-title":"A target antigen-based approach to the classification of membranous nephropathy","volume":"96","author":"Bobart","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijn_317_23\/ref-55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2021.10.010","article-title":"Lipoic acid supplementation associated with neural epidermal growth factor-like 1 (NELL1)-associated membranous nephropathy","volume":"100","author":"Spain","year":"2021","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijn_317_23\/ref-56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2022.09.001","article-title":"Traditional indigenous medicines are an etiologic consideration for NELL1-positive membranous nephropathy","volume":"102","author":"Kurien","year":"2022","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijn_317_23\/ref-57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.11860720","article-title":"Neural epidermal growth factor-like 1 protein-positive membranous nephropathy in chinese patients","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijn_317_23\/ref-58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2967","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-07037-2","article-title":"Prevalence of neural epidermal growth factor-like 1- and exostosin 1\/exostosin 2-associated membranous nephropathy: A single-center retrospective study in Japan","volume":"12","author":"Iwakura","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijn_317_23\/ref-59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1510","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2020.06.015","article-title":"Membranous nephropathy associated with indigenous indian medications containing heavy metals","volume":"5","author":"Kumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Kidney Int Rep"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijn_317_23\/ref-60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2022.03.009","article-title":"Toxic nephropathy secondary to chronic mercury poisoning: Clinical characteristics and outcomes","volume":"7","author":"Gao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Kidney Int Rep"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijn_317_23\/ref-61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2022.04.078","article-title":"What can mercury teach us about membranous nephropathy and minimal change disease?","volume":"7","author":"Caza","year":"2022","journal-title":"Kidney Int Rep"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijn_317_23\/ref-62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9101011","article-title":"Safety evaluation of \u03b1-lipoic acid supplementation: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled clinical studies","volume":"9","author":"Fogacci","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antioxidants (Basel)"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijn_317_23\/ref-63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2023.05.023","article-title":"Segmental NELL-1 membranous nephropathy complicating tiopronin therapy","volume":"8","author":"Santoriello","year":"2023","journal-title":"Kidney Int Rep"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijn_317_23\/ref-64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfaa026","article-title":"Membranous nephropathy associated with viral infection","volume":"14","author":"Nikolopoulou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Kidney J"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijn_317_23\/ref-65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2019.05.024","article-title":"The immunohistological profile of membranous nephropathy associated with chronic schistosoma mansoni infection reveals a glomerulopathy with primary features","volume":"96","author":"Ara\u00fajo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijn_317_23\/ref-66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2013.03.045","article-title":"Membranous nephropathy and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents","volume":"62","author":"Nawaz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijn_317_23\/ref-67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2101","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1013792","article-title":"Early-childhood membranous nephropathy due to cationic bovine serum albumin","volume":"364","author":"Debiec","year":"2011","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijn_317_23\/ref-68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfv049","article-title":"Glomerular IgG subclasses in idiopathic and malignancy-associated membranous nephropathy","volume":"8","author":"L\u00f6nnbro-Widgren","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Kidney J"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijn_317_23\/ref-69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.2016.32","article-title":"THSD7A staining of membranous glomerulopathy in clinical practice reveals cases with dual autoantibody positivity","volume":"29","author":"Larsen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mod Pathol"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijn_317_23\/ref-70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.2012.237","article-title":"IgG subclass staining in renal biopsies with membranous glomerulonephritis indicates subclass switch during disease progression","volume":"26","author":"Huang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mod Pathol"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijn_317_23\/ref-71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8803","DOI":"10.1038\/srep08803","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of PLA2R autoantibodies and glomerular staining for the differentiation of idiopathic and secondary membranous nephropathy: An Updated Meta-analysis","volume":"5","author":"Dai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijn_317_23\/ref-72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1833","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.05480421","article-title":"Noninvasive diagnosis of PLA2R-associated membranous nephropathy: A validation study","volume":"16","author":"Bobart","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijn_317_23\/ref-73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2021.05.021","article-title":"KDIGO 2021 clinical practice guideline for the management of glomerular diseases","volume":"100","author":"Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Glomerular Diseases Work Group","year":"2021","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijn_317_23\/ref-74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2545","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2014070640","article-title":"Anti-phospholipase A2 receptor antibody titer predicts post-rituximab outcome of membranous nephropathy","volume":"26","author":"Ruggenenti","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijn_317_23\/ref-75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2016010050","article-title":"An indirect immunofluorescence method facilitates detection of thrombospondin type 1 domain-containing 7A-specific antibodies in membranous nephropathy","volume":"28","author":"Hoxha","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijn_317_23\/ref-76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.2017.163","article-title":"Tissue staining for THSD7A in glomeruli correlates with serum antibodies in primary membranous nephropathy: A clinicopathological study","volume":"31","author":"Sharma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mod Pathol"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijn_317_23\/ref-77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1436","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2024816","article-title":"Dapagliflozin in patients with chronic kidney disease","volume":"383","author":"Heerspink","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijn_317_23\/ref-78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2204233","article-title":"Empagliflozin in patients with chronic kidney disease","volume":"388","author":"Herrington","year":"2023","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijn_317_23\/ref-79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2009080861","article-title":"Spontaneous remission of nephrotic syndrome in idiopathic membranous nephropathy","volume":"21","author":"Polanco","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijn_317_23\/ref-80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1997.127","article-title":"Validation of a predictive model of idiopathic membranous nephropathy: Its clinical and research implications","volume":"51","author":"Cattran","year":"1997","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijn_317_23\/ref-81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.00670112","article-title":"Prognostic value of risk score and urinary markers in idiopathic membranous nephropathy","volume":"7","author":"van den Brand","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijn_317_23\/ref-82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198404123101503","article-title":"Controlled trial of methylprednisolone and chlorambucil in idiopathic membranous nephropathy","volume":"310","author":"Ponticelli","year":"1984","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijn_317_23\/ref-83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1159\/000166481","article-title":"Membranous nephropathy: Response to steroids and immunosuppression","volume":"1","author":"Suki","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Nephrol"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijn_317_23\/ref-84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1899","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2007020166","article-title":"A randomized, controlled trial of steroids and cyclophosphamide in adults with nephrotic syndrome caused by idiopathic membranous nephropathy","volume":"18","author":"Jha","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijn_317_23\/ref-85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2021.07.028","article-title":"Long-term follow-up of cyclical cyclophosphamide and steroids versus tacrolimus and steroids in primary membranous nephropathy","volume":"6","author":"Ramachandran","year":"2021","journal-title":"Kidney Int Rep"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijn_317_23\/ref-86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1600","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1995.453","article-title":"A 10-year follow-up of a randomized study with methylprednisolone and chlorambucil in membranous nephropathy","volume":"48","author":"Ponticelli","year":"1995","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijn_317_23\/ref-87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1814427","article-title":"Rituximab or cyclosporine in the treatment of membranous nephropathy","volume":"381","author":"Fervenza","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijn_317_23\/ref-88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2009.141","article-title":"B-cell-directed therapies for autoimmune disease","volume":"5","author":"D\u00f6rner","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijn_317_23\/ref-89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)11042-7","article-title":"Rituximab for idiopathic membranous nephropathy","volume":"360","author":"Remuzzi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijn_317_23\/ref-90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2020.12.035","article-title":"Rituximab in membranous nephropathy","volume":"6","author":"Gauckler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Kidney Int Rep"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijn_317_23\/ref-91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.05231008","article-title":"Rituximab therapy for membranous nephropathy: A systematic review","volume":"4","author":"Bomback","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijn_317_23\/ref-92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2016040449","article-title":"Rituximab for severe membranous nephropathy: A 6-month trial with extended follow-up","volume":"28","author":"Dahan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijn_317_23\/ref-93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2020071091","article-title":"Rituximab or cyclophosphamide in the treatment of membranous nephropathy: The RI-CYCLO randomized trial","volume":"32","author":"Scolari","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijn_317_23\/ref-94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2021.04.014","article-title":"Combination of rituximab, low-dose cyclophosphamide, and prednisone for primary membranous nephropathy: A case series with extended follow up","volume":"78","author":"Zonozi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijn_317_23\/ref-95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2020.10.014","article-title":"The STARMEN trial indicates that alternating treatment with corticosteroids and cyclophosphamide is superior to sequential treatment with tacrolimus and rituximab in primary membranous nephropathy","volume":"99","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Ju\u00e1rez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijn_317_23\/ref-96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1053\/j.seminoncol.2014.08.006","article-title":"Postulated mechanisms of resistance of B-cell non-hodgkin lymphoma to rituximab treatment regimens: Strategies to overcome resistance","volume":"41","author":"Bonavida","year":"2014","journal-title":"Semin Oncol"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijn_317_23\/ref-97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1004795","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1004795","article-title":"Anti-CD20 therapies in multiple sclerosis: From pathology to the clinic","volume":"14","author":"de S\u00e8ze","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijn_317_23\/ref-98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-023-06085-8","article-title":"A child with semaphorin 3b-associated membranous nephropathy effectively treated with obinutuzumab after rituximab resistance","volume":"39","author":"Conversano","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijn_317_23\/ref-99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.0000000000000288","article-title":"Obinutuzumab in frequently relapsing and steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome in children","volume":"18","author":"Dossier","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijn_317_23\/ref-100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2021.01.033","article-title":"Obinutuzumab rescue in rituximab resistant mixed cryoglobulinemia","volume":"6","author":"Genest","year":"2021","journal-title":"Kidney Int Rep"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijn_317_23\/ref-101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2023.01.035","article-title":"Obinutuzumab in refractory phospholipase A2 receptor-associated membranous nephropathy with severe CKD","volume":"8","author":"Naik","year":"2023","journal-title":"Kidney Int Rep"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijn_317_23\/ref-102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-022-02761-3","article-title":"Treatment Resistant M-type phospholipase A2 receptor associated membranous nephropathy responds to obinutuzumab: A report of two cases","volume":"23","author":"Hudson","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijn_317_23\/ref-103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2020.06.030","article-title":"Obinutuzumab is effective for the treatment of refractory membranous nephropathy","volume":"5","author":"Sethi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Kidney Int Rep"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijn_317_23\/ref-104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S0272","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2023.08.010","article-title":"Ofatumumab in rituximab-resistant and rituximab-intolerant patients with primary membranous nephropathy: A case series","volume":"???","author":"Podest\u00e0","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijn_317_23\/ref-105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1995.161","article-title":"A controlled trial of cyclosporine in patients with progressive membranous nephropathy. Canadian glomerulonephritis study group","volume":"47","author":"Cattran","year":"1995","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijn_317_23\/ref-106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1484","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2001.0590041484.x","article-title":"Cyclosporine in patients with steroid-resistant membranous nephropathy: A randomized trial","volume":"59","author":"Cattran","year":"2001","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijn_317_23\/ref-107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5002215","article-title":"Tacrolimus monotherapy in membranous nephropathy: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"71","author":"Praga","year":"2007","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijn_317_23\/ref-108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61566-9","article-title":"Immunosuppression for progressive membranous nephropathy: A UK randomised controlled trial","volume":"381","author":"Howman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijn_317_23\/ref-109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfh036","article-title":"Cytotoxic therapy for membranous nephropathy and renal insufficiency: Improved renal survival but high relapse rate","volume":"19","author":"du Buf-Vereijken","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijn_317_23\/ref-110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2019.12.006","article-title":"Rituximab in patients with phospholipase A2 receptor-associated membranous nephropathy and severe CKD","volume":"5","author":"Hanset","year":"2020","journal-title":"Kidney Int Rep"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijn_317_23\/ref-111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.01080905","article-title":"Rituximab for idiopathic membranous nephropathy: Who can benefit?","volume":"1","author":"Ruggenenti","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijn_317_23\/ref-112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.15232","article-title":"A tale of two antibodies: Obinutuzumab versus rituximab","volume":"182","author":"Freeman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijn_317_23\/ref-113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001180","article-title":"Two-year, randomized, controlled trial of belimumab in lupus nephritis","volume":"383","author":"Furie","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijn_317_23\/ref-114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfz086","article-title":"Effect of belimumab on proteinuria and anti-phospholipase A2 receptor autoantibody in primary membranous nephropathy","volume":"35","author":"Barrett","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijn_317_23\/ref-115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1002\/jca.21949","article-title":"Peptide GAM immunoadsorption in anti-PLA2R positive autoimmune membranous nephropathy. The PRISM Trial","volume":"37","author":"Hamilton","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Apheresis"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijn_317_23\/ref-116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfad041","article-title":"Future landscape for the management of membranous nephropathy","volume":"16","author":"Caravaca-Font\u00e1n","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Kidney J"},{"key":"10.25259\/ijn_317_23\/ref-117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V93444","article-title":"A randomized study comparing methylprednisolone plus chlorambucil versus methylprednisolone plus cyclophosphamide in idiopathic membranous nephropathy","volume":"9","author":"Ponticelli","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"}],"container-title":["Indian Journal of Nephrology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/indianjnephrol.org\/an-updated-review-of-membranous-nephropathy\/","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/indianjnephrol.org\/an-updated-review-of-membranous-nephropathy\/","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,11]],"date-time":"2024-04-11T08:41:43Z","timestamp":1712824903000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/indianjnephrol.org\/an-updated-review-of-membranous-nephropathy\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,10]]},"references-count":116,"alternative-id":["10.25259\/ijn_317_23"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25259\/ijn_317_23","relation":{},"ISSN":["1998-3662","0971-4065"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1998-3662","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0971-4065","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,10]]},"article-number":"105"}}