{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T19:46:23Z","timestamp":1785354383258,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Scientific Scholar","content-domain":{"domain":["ruralneuropractice.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JNRP"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"st1\">\n<jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Neurodevelopmental disorders NDD are neurologic processing problems that interfere with learning in children. Primary and preschool teachers who are essential links in public health reach out to such children do not receive any formal training to identify these disorders. Hence, a primary and preschool level intervention addressing the issue is proposed.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"st2\">\n<jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Primary and preschool teachers of government and government-aided schools and Anganwadi\/preschools in the Model Rural Health Research Unit Tirunelveli field practice area will be assigned into two groups. The training module will be developed and validated using neurodevelopmental screening tool (NDST). Before identifying the students using the NDST, the teachers in Group A will get training using the module. Group B is the control group, in which untrained teachers administer the NDST to the children and then will be trained. Neurologists will assess the same children over 1 year.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"st3\">\n<jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The effectiveness of teacher training for the early detection of children with NDD will be assessed. Thus, the validity of the screening for NDD by the teachers will be estimated.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"st4\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>If successful, the module can be incorporated into the Rashtriya Bal Swasthya Karyakram program of India for the early identification of children with NDD.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.25259\/jnrp-2022-2-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,22]],"date-time":"2022-12-22T09:20:36Z","timestamp":1671700836000},"page":"165-169","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25259\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Methodology for the early identification of neurodevelopmental disorders in the primary and preschool children in rural India by applying intervention module developed for teachers"],"prefix":"10.25259","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Bobby","family":"Esakki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, Tirunelveli Medical college, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sunitha","family":"Kandasamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, Tuticorin Medical College, Thoothukudi, Tamil Nadu, India,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Radha","family":"Mahadevan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Tirunelveli Medical College, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Padmavathi","family":"Subbiah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Model Rural Health Research Unit, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuvaraj","family":"Jayaraman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Systems Research, ICMR-NIE, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muthu","family":"Gopal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Model Rural Health Research Unit, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shantaraman","family":"Kalyanaraman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Tirunelveli Medical College, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10894","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.25259\/JNRP-2022-2-8\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.2307\/1602494","article-title":"Learning disabilities","volume":"6","author":"Lyon","year":"1996","journal-title":"Future Child"},{"key":"10.25259\/JNRP-2022-2-8\/ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596","article-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5\u00ae)","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2013","edition":"5th ed"},{"key":"10.25259\/JNRP-2022-2-8\/ref-3","article-title":"Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India","author":"Census of India","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.25259\/JNRP-2022-2-8\/ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1002615","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002615","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental disorders in children aged 2-9 years: Population-based burden estimates across five regions in India","volume":"15","author":"Arora","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"10.25259\/JNRP-2022-2-8\/ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1007\/s12098-015-1862-8","article-title":"Prevalence and patterns of learning disabilities in school children","volume":"83","author":"Padhy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Indian J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.25259\/JNRP-2022-2-8\/ref-6","first-page":"386","article-title":"Prevalence and pattern of learning disabilities in school children","volume":"6","author":"Dhanda","year":"2013","journal-title":"Delhi Psychiatry J"},{"key":"10.25259\/JNRP-2022-2-8\/ref-7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5545.120544","article-title":"Prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in primary school children","volume":"55","author":"Venkata","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indian J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.25259\/JNRP-2022-2-8\/ref-8","first-page":"67","article-title":"An epidemiological study of child and adolescent psychiatric disorders in urban and rural areas of Banglore, India","volume":"122","author":"Srinath","year":"2005","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"10.25259\/JNRP-2022-2-8\/ref-9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1007\/s12098-011-0553-3","article-title":"Prevalence of specific learning disabilities among primary school children in a South Indian city","volume":"79","author":"Mogasale","year":"2012","journal-title":"Indian J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.25259\/JNRP-2022-2-8\/ref-10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1177\/10538151010240030501","article-title":"Identification of early risk factors for learning disabilities","volume":"24","author":"Stanton-Chapman","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Early Interv"},{"key":"10.25259\/JNRP-2022-2-8\/ref-11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-4222(98)00002-X","article-title":"The effects of biological and social risk factors on special education placement: Birth weight and maternal education as an example","volume":"19","author":"Hollomon","year":"1998","journal-title":"Res Dev Disabil"},{"key":"10.25259\/JNRP-2022-2-8\/ref-12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.12071","article-title":"Obstetric factors and different causes of special educational need: Retrospective cohort study of 407503 schoolchildren","volume":"120","author":"MacKay","year":"2013","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"10.25259\/JNRP-2022-2-8\/ref-13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.2007.164.6.942","article-title":"The worldwide prevalence of ADHD: A systematic review and metaregression analysis","volume":"164","author":"Polanczyk","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.25259\/JNRP-2022-2-8\/ref-14","first-page":"206","article-title":"A study of comorbidities in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A retrospective analysis of case records","volume":"15","author":"Pingali","year":"2014","journal-title":"AP J Psychol Med"},{"key":"10.25259\/JNRP-2022-2-8\/ref-15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3759","DOI":"10.18203\/2320-6012.ijrms20151436","article-title":"Prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in an urban school of a developing country","volume":"3","author":"Yewatkar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Res Med Sci"},{"key":"10.25259\/JNRP-2022-2-8\/ref-16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.18203\/2349-3291.ijcp20160167","article-title":"Prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder among urban school children","volume":"3","author":"Mannapur","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Contemp Pediatr"},{"key":"10.25259\/JNRP-2022-2-8\/ref-17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257369","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/257369","article-title":"Attention-deficit hyperactive disorder among primary school children in menoufia governorate, Egypt","volume":"2014","author":"Farahat","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Family Med"},{"key":"10.25259\/JNRP-2022-2-8\/ref-18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_587_19","article-title":"Prevalence and correlates of attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD) risk factors among school children in a rural area of North India","volume":"9","author":"Sharma","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Family Med Prim Care"},{"key":"10.25259\/JNRP-2022-2-8\/ref-19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.17265\/1548-6648\/2016.01.002","article-title":"The prevalence of tic disorder in primary school children in an electoral district of Mauritius","volume":"13","author":"Chummun","year":"2016","journal-title":"J U S China Med Sci"},{"key":"10.25259\/JNRP-2022-2-8\/ref-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-2989","article-title":"Trends in the prevalence of developmental disabilities in US children, 1997-2008","volume":"127","author":"Boyle","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.25259\/JNRP-2022-2-8\/ref-21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.ss6513a1","article-title":"Prevalence and characteristics of autism spectrum disorder among children aged 8 years-autism and developmental disabilities monitoring network, 11 sites, United States, 2012","volume":"65","author":"Christensen","year":"2016","journal-title":"MMWR Surveill Summ"},{"key":"10.25259\/JNRP-2022-2-8\/ref-22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1831","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61871-7","article-title":"Child disability screening, nutrition, and early learning in 18 countries with low and middle incomes: Data from the third round of UNICEF's multiple indicator cluster survey (2005-06)","volume":"374","author":"Gottlieb","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.25259\/JNRP-2022-2-8\/ref-23","first-page":"661","author":"Kishore","year":"2014","edition":"11th ed"},{"key":"10.25259\/JNRP-2022-2-8\/ref-24","author":"Ministry of Health and Family Welfare","year":"2013"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurosciences in Rural Practice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/ruralneuropractice.com\/methodology-for-the-early-identification-of-neurodevelopmental-disorders-in-the-primary-and-preschool-children-in-rural-india-by-applying-intervention-module-developed-for-teachers\/","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/ruralneuropractice.com\/methodology-for-the-early-identification-of-neurodevelopmental-disorders-in-the-primary-and-preschool-children-in-rural-india-by-applying-intervention-module-developed-for-teachers\/","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,20]],"date-time":"2023-03-20T12:29:54Z","timestamp":1679315394000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ruralneuropractice.com\/methodology-for-the-early-identification-of-neurodevelopmental-disorders-in-the-primary-and-preschool-children-in-rural-india-by-applying-intervention-module-developed-for-teachers\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,22]]},"references-count":24,"alternative-id":["10.25259\/JNRP-2022-2-8"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25259\/jnrp-2022-2-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["0976-3155","0976-3147"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0976-3155","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0976-3147","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,22]]},"article-number":"165"}}