{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T04:05:05Z","timestamp":1778040305977,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Scientific Scholar","content-domain":{"domain":["nmji.in"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["NMJI"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"st1\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>As breast epithelium is affected by vitamin D, it may have a direct effect on breast density and the risk of breast cancer. Our aim was to study the serum levels of vitamin D in patients with malignant and benign breast disease, and to study the association, if any, between vitamin D levels, mammographic breast density (MD) and molecular subtypes of breast cancer.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"st2\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>In this cross-sectional, observational study, we enrolled 162 consecutive adult women with benign and malignant breast masses subjected to mammography and core-needle biopsy. Serum levels of vitamin D were estimated and correlated with MD and with immunohistochemical subtyping of breast cancer.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"st3\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The mean vitamin D level in these 162 patients was 12.44 (5.88) ng\/ml, with vitamin D deficiency seen in 98%. The mean (SD) vitamin D level in MD type 1 was 16.19 (4.62) ng\/ml and it decreased to 7.54 (2.58) ng\/ml in MD type 4. High MD was associated with significantly lower vitamin D levels. The mean vitamin D level in patients with benign breast disease (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>=102) was 13.73 (5.68) ng\/ml, while it was significantly lower in patients with breast cancer (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>=60) at 10.26 (5.61) ng\/ml. Among patients with breast cancer, the good prognosis luminal A molecular subtype had mean vitamin D level of 12.94 (6.16) ng\/ml, whereas the poor prognosis triple-negative subtype had a significantly lower value of 7.68 (3.42) ng\/ml.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"st4\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Our study shows that vitamin D deficiency has a significant relationship with breast cancer (<jats:italic>v<\/jats:italic>. benign breast disease), high MD (showing increased breast cancer risk) and poor prognosis triple-negative breast cancer. Vitamin D deficiency could be an important, potentially modifiable, risk factor for the prevention of breast cancer in susceptible populations.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.25259\/nmji_222_18","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,12]],"date-time":"2022-05-12T11:48:27Z","timestamp":1652356107000},"page":"271-275","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25259\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Relationship of vitamin D deficiency with mammographic breast density and triple-negative breast cancer: A cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.25259","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"CHANDRA KUNWARI","family":"SINGH","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Lady Hardinge Medical College, Shaheed Bhagat Singh Marg, New Delhi 110001, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"SHAJI","family":"THOMAS","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Lady Hardinge Medical College, Shaheed Bhagat Singh Marg, New Delhi 110001, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"BINITA","family":"GOSWAMI","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Lady Hardinge Medical College, Shaheed Bhagat Singh Marg, New Delhi 110001, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"SHAILI","family":"TOMER","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Lady Hardinge Medical College, Shaheed Bhagat Singh Marg, New Delhi 110001, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"OM PRAKASH","family":"PATHANIA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Lady Hardinge Medical College, Shaheed Bhagat Singh Marg, New Delhi 110001, 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