{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T17:45:26Z","timestamp":1793295926688,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Scientific Scholar","content-domain":{"domain":["nmji.in"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["NMJI"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"st1\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>There are concerns over the reliability and comprehensibility of health-related information on the internet. We analyzed the readability, reliability and quality of online patient education materials obtained from websites associated with chronic low back pain (cLBP).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"st2\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>On 26 April 2022, the term \u2018cLBP\u2019 was used to perform a search on Google, and 95 eligible websites were identified. The Flesch Reading Ease Score (FRES) and Gunning Fog (GFOG) index were used to evaluate the readability. The <jats:italic>Journal of the American Medical Association<\/jats:italic> (JAMA) score was used to assess the reliability and the Health on the Net Foundation code of conduct (HONcode) was used to assess quality.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"st3\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The mean (SD) FRES was 55.74 (13.57) (very difficult) and the mean (SD) GFOG was 12.76 (2.8) (very difficult) of the websites reviwed. According to the <jats:italic>JAMA<\/jats:italic> scores, 28.4% of the websites had a high reliability rating and 33.7% adhered to the HONcode. Websites of different typologies were found to significantly differ in their reliability and the quality scores (p&lt;0.05).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"st4\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The reading ability required for cLBP-related information on the internet was found to be considerably higher than that recommended by the National Health Institute and had low reliability and poor quality. We believe that online information should have readability appropriate for most readers and must have reliable content that is appropriate to educate the public, particularly for websites that provide patient education material.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.25259\/nmji_327_2022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,10]],"date-time":"2024-10-10T10:31:59Z","timestamp":1728556319000},"page":"124-130","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25259\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Evaluating the readability, quality and reliability of online patient education materials on chronic low back pain"],"prefix":"10.25259","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"ERKAN","family":"OZDURAN","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Dokuz Eyl\u00fcl University, Inciralt\u00fd mahallesi, Izmir 35030, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"VOLKAN","family":"HANCI","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation Dokuz Eyl\u00fcl University, Inciralt\u00fd mahallesi, Izmir 35030, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"YUKSEL","family":"ERKIN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation Dokuz Eyl\u00fcl University, Inciralt\u00fd mahallesi, Izmir 35030, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10894","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.25259\/NMJI_327_2022\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD009790","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009790.pub2","article-title":"Exercise therapy for chronic low back pain","volume":"9","author":"Hayden","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.25259\/NMJI_327_2022\/ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32279-7","volume":"392","author":"GBD 2017 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.25259\/NMJI_327_2022\/ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000158972.34102.6f","article-title":"Clinical course and prognostic factors in acute low back pain: Patients consulting primary care for the first time","volume":"30","author":"Grotle","year":"2005","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"10.25259\/NMJI_327_2022\/ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0b013e3181817a8d","article-title":"Characteristics of patients with acute low back pain presenting to primary care in Australia","volume":"25","author":"Henschke","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"key":"10.25259\/NMJI_327_2022\/ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1532-2149.2012.00170.x","article-title":"Clinical course of non-specific low back pain: A systematic review of prospective cohort studies set in primary care","volume":"17","author":"Itz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Pain"},{"key":"10.25259\/NMJI_327_2022\/ref-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2356","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30480-X","article-title":"What low back pain is and why we need to pay attention","volume":"391","author":"Hartvigsen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.25259\/NMJI_327_2022\/ref-7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.9386","article-title":"Treatment of low back pain","volume":"318","author":"Wenger","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.25259\/NMJI_327_2022\/ref-8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2009.04.008","article-title":"Readability and comprehensibility of patient education material in hand-related web sites","volume":"34","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Am"},{"key":"10.25259\/NMJI_327_2022\/ref-9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000002870","article-title":"Evaluating the quality, content, and readability of online resources for failed back spinal surgery","volume":"44","author":"Guo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"10.25259\/NMJI_327_2022\/ref-10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1002\/pmrj.12230","article-title":"Readability of patient education materials in physical medicine and rehabilitation (PM&R): A comparative cross-sectional study","volume":"12","author":"Han","year":"2020","journal-title":"PMR"},{"key":"10.25259\/NMJI_327_2022\/ref-11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.math.2012.02.019","article-title":"Acute low back pain information online: An evaluation of quality, content accuracy and readability of related websites","volume":"17","author":"Hendrick","year":"2012","journal-title":"Man Ther"},{"key":"10.25259\/NMJI_327_2022\/ref-12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-09506-7","article-title":"Assessment of health-related quality of life and patient\u2019s knowledge in chronic non-specific low back pain","volume":"21","author":"J\u00e1romi","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"10.25259\/NMJI_327_2022\/ref-14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-019-04265-0","article-title":"Accuracy, completeness and accessibility of online information on fibromyalgia","volume":"39","author":"Basavakumar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rheumatol Int"},{"key":"10.25259\/NMJI_327_2022\/ref-15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.breast.2017.10.004","article-title":"Quality of online information on breast cancer treatment options","volume":"37","author":"Arif","year":"2018","journal-title":"Breast"},{"key":"10.25259\/NMJI_327_2022\/ref-16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.324.7337.573","article-title":"How do consumers search for and appraise health information on the world wide web? Qualitative study using focus groups, usability tests, and in-depth interviews","volume":"324","author":"Eysenbach","year":"2002","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.25259\/NMJI_327_2022\/ref-17","first-page":"1","article-title":"Taking your talent to the web: A guide for the transitioning designer","author":"Zeldman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Indianapolis:New Riders;"},{"key":"10.25259\/NMJI_327_2022\/ref-18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.53.2.105","article-title":"DISCERN: An instrument for judging the quality of written consumer health information on treatment choices","volume":"53","author":"Charnock","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"10.25259\/NMJI_327_2022\/ref-19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1997.03540390074039","article-title":"Assessing, controlling, and assuring the quality of medical information on the Internet: Caveant lector et viewor\u2013\u2013Let the reader and viewer beware","volume":"277","author":"Silberg","year":"1997","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.25259\/NMJI_327_2022\/ref-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2012.11.003","article-title":"Evaluation of the quality of information on the internet available to patients undergoing cervical spine surgery","volume":"82","author":"Weil","year":"2014","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"issue":"Pt 2","key":"10.25259\/NMJI_327_2022\/ref-21","first-page":"1163","article-title":"The health on the net code of conduct for medical and health web sites","volume":"52","author":"Boyer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Stud Health Technol Inform"},{"key":"10.25259\/NMJI_327_2022\/ref-22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.4414\/smi.26.00233","article-title":"Evolution of health web certification through the HONcode experience","volume":"169","author":"Boyer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Stud Health Technol Inform"},{"key":"10.25259\/NMJI_327_2022\/ref-23","first-page":"1310","article-title":"Readability assessment of internet-based consumer health information","volume":"53","author":"Walsh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Respir Care"},{"key":"10.25259\/NMJI_327_2022\/ref-24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1111\/codi.14548","article-title":"Assessing the readability, quality and accuracy of online health information for patients with low anterior resection syndrome following surgery for rectal cancer","volume":"21","author":"Garfinkle","year":"2019","journal-title":"Colorectal Dis"},{"key":"10.25259\/NMJI_327_2022\/ref-25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2018.10.053","article-title":"A content analysis of HPV vaccination messages available online","volume":"36","author":"Calo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.25259\/NMJI_327_2022\/ref-26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.13042","article-title":"Using readability software to enhance the health literacy of equine veterinary clients: An analysis of 17 American Association of Equine Practitioners\u2019 newsletter and website articles","volume":"51","author":"Sheats","year":"2019","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"10.25259\/NMJI_327_2022\/ref-27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2014.6104","article-title":"Assessment of online patient education materials from major ophthalmologic associations","volume":"133","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.25259\/NMJI_327_2022\/ref-28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1002\/bdr2.1883","article-title":"Readability, understandability, and quality of retinopathy of prematurity information on the web","volume":"113","author":"Y\u00fdlmaz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res"},{"key":"10.25259\/NMJI_327_2022\/ref-29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pec.2007.05.016","article-title":"Untangling the web\u2013\u2013the impact of Internet use on health care and the physician\u2013patient relationship","volume":"68","author":"Wald","year":"2007","journal-title":"Patient Educ Couns"},{"key":"10.25259\/NMJI_327_2022\/ref-30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17030880","article-title":"The \u00fdmpact of online health \u00fdnformation on patient health behaviours and making decisions concerning health","volume":"17","author":"Bujnowska-Fedak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"10.25259\/NMJI_327_2022\/ref-31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1080\/08998280.2017.11929552","article-title":"Improving health outcomes through patient education and partnerships with patients","volume":"30","author":"Paterick","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent)"},{"key":"10.25259\/NMJI_327_2022\/ref-32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2013.6060","article-title":"A comparative analysis of the quality of patient education materials from medical specialties","volume":"173","author":"Agarwal","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"10.25259\/NMJI_327_2022\/ref-33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1177\/1062860617751639","article-title":"Readability of Online Health Information: A meta-narrative systematic review","volume":"33","author":"Daraz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Med Qual"},{"key":"10.25259\/NMJI_327_2022\/ref-34","first-page":"225","article-title":"What is the prevalence of health-related searches on the world wide web? Qualitative and quantitative analysis of search engine queries on the internet","volume":"2003","author":"Eysenbach","year":"2003","journal-title":"AMIA Annu Symp Proc"},{"key":"10.25259\/NMJI_327_2022\/ref-35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.20945\/2359-3997000000311","article-title":"Evaluating the reliability and readability of online information on osteoporosis","volume":"65","author":"Yurdakul","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.25259\/NMJI_327_2022\/ref-36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1557145","article-title":"The quality and readability of information available on the internet regarding lumbar fusion","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Global Spine J"},{"key":"10.25259\/NMJI_327_2022\/ref-37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.breast.2017.10.004","article-title":"Quality of online information on breast cancer treatment options","volume":"37","author":"Arif","year":"2018","journal-title":"Breast"},{"key":"10.25259\/NMJI_327_2022\/ref-38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbmt.2020.11.001","article-title":"Quality and readability of online information on myofascial pain syndrome","volume":"25","author":"Bagcier","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Body Mov Ther"},{"key":"10.25259\/NMJI_327_2022\/ref-39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2013.03.006","article-title":"The quality and readability of colorectal cancer information on the internet","volume":"11","author":"Grewal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Surg"},{"key":"10.25259\/NMJI_327_2022\/ref-40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1177\/0145721714560772","article-title":"A methodology to analyze the quality of health information on the internet: The example of diabetic neuropathy","volume":"41","author":"Chumber","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes Educ"},{"key":"10.25259\/NMJI_327_2022\/ref-41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2097","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-020-04664-8","article-title":"Comparing quality and readability of online English language information to patient use and perspectives for common rheumatologic conditions","volume":"40","author":"Willen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rheumatol Int"},{"key":"10.25259\/NMJI_327_2022\/ref-42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2019.10.013","article-title":"Analysis of readability, quality, and content of online information available for \u201cstem cell\u201d injections for knee osteoarthritis","volume":"35","author":"Ng","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Arthroplasty"},{"key":"10.25259\/NMJI_327_2022\/ref-43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3269","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-019-04706-y","article-title":"Quality and readability of online information on ankylosing spondylitis","volume":"38","author":"Kocyigit","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"}],"container-title":["The National Medical Journal of India"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/nmji.in\/evaluating-the-readability-quality-and-reliability-of-online-patient-education-materials-on-chronic-low-back-pain\/","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/nmji.in\/evaluating-the-readability-quality-and-reliability-of-online-patient-education-materials-on-chronic-low-back-pain\/","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,10]],"date-time":"2024-10-10T10:32:04Z","timestamp":1728556324000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/nmji.in\/evaluating-the-readability-quality-and-reliability-of-online-patient-education-materials-on-chronic-low-back-pain\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,10]]},"references-count":42,"alternative-id":["10.25259\/NMJI_327_2022"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25259\/nmji_327_2022","relation":{},"ISSN":["2583-150X","0970-258X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2583-150X","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0970-258X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,10]]},"article-number":"124"}}