{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T09:05:44Z","timestamp":1776762344581,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Scientific Scholar","content-domain":{"domain":["nmji.in"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["NMJI"],"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n Tobacco cessation interventions are a cost-effective way of reducing ill health due to tobacco, as quitting unaided is difficult. There is limited data from India on the success of these strategies. We assessed effectiveness of tobacco cessation strategies in our tobacco cessation clinic (TCC) and the risk factors for smoking relapse.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n We did an observational study between April 2017 and January 2020 in a tertiary care teaching hospital in Bengaluru, India. All adults who visited the Department of Pulmonary Medicine or TCC were enrolled in the study. A pilot-tested, semi-structured, standardized questionnaire including basic demographics, smoking\/tobacco usage, and treatment history, the Fagerstr\u00f6m test for nicotine dependence, motivation stage assessment, and a history of adverse drug reactions was administered to the study participants.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n A total of 135 participants were screened, and 127 were recruited. However, only 121 participants were available for the 6-month follow-up. The mean (standard deviation [SD]) age of the participants was 51.7 (14.4) years, and only 2\/127 (1.57%) were women. At follow-up, 28\/121 (23.14%) participants reported having quit smoking, and 90\/121 (74.38%) reported reduced tobacco use. Behavioural counselling (BC) only (65.35%), followed by a combination of BC and nicotine replacement therapy (33.07%), were the commonly used interventions. No significant predictor of relapse\/treatment failure was identified.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n Although the quit rate was low, the number of subjects who reduced tobacco usage was high, thereby suggesting the positive role of TCCs in tobacco cessation. BC alone was the most prescribed intervention, although a combination therapy is recommended.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.25259\/nmji_948_2023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T09:04:06Z","timestamp":1771837446000},"page":"159-163","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25259\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effectiveness of tobacco cessation interventions and risk factors for tobacco-use relapse: A cohort study"],"prefix":"10.25259","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"TIJO","family":"THOMAS","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"St John\u2019s Medical College and Hospital, Bengaluru, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"JEFFREY","family":"PRADEEP RAJ","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"THARA","family":"PINHEIRO","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St John\u2019s Medical College and Hospital, Bengaluru, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"UMA","family":"DEVARAJ","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St John\u2019s Medical College and Hospital, Bengaluru, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"PRIYA","family":"RAMACHANDRAN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St John\u2019s Medical College and Hospital, Bengaluru, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"10894","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.25259\/NMJI_948_2023\/ref-1","first-page":"259","article-title":"Effects of cigarette smoking on common carotid arteries intima-media thickness in current smokers","volume":"5","author":"Mustafa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ozean J Appl Sci"},{"key":"10.25259\/NMJI_948_2023\/ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pharmtox.48.113006.094742","article-title":"Pharmacology of nicotine: Addiction, smoking-induced disease, and therapeutics","volume":"49","author":"Benowitz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"key":"10.25259\/NMJI_948_2023\/ref-3","article-title":"Global Burden of Disease [database]","author":"Cowan","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.25259\/NMJI_948_2023\/ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e4","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.12.4.e4","article-title":"Tobacco use in India: Prevalence and predictors of smoking and chewing in a national cross-sectional household survey","volume":"12","author":"Rani","year":"2003","journal-title":"Tob Control"},{"key":"10.25259\/NMJI_948_2023\/ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6670628","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6670628","article-title":"Methods used in smoking cessation and reduction attempts: Findings from help-seeking smokers","volume":"2021","author":"Lund","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Smok Cessat"},{"key":"10.25259\/NMJI_948_2023\/ref-6","author":"US Department of Health and Human Services","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.25259\/NMJI_948_2023\/ref-7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abrep.2017.01.003","article-title":"Addiction, cigarette smoking, and voluntary control of action: Do cigarette smokers lose their free will?","volume":"5","author":"Baumeister","year":"2017","journal-title":"Addict Behav Rep"},{"key":"10.25259\/NMJI_948_2023\/ref-8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.19284","article-title":"Effects of nicotine patch vs varenicline vs combination nicotine replacement therapy on smoking cessation at 26 weeks","volume":"315","author":"Baker","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.25259\/NMJI_948_2023\/ref-9","first-page":"523","article-title":"Tobacco cessation outcomes in a cohort of patients attending a chest medicine outpatient clinic in Bangalore city, southern India","volume":"139","author":"Mony","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"10.25259\/NMJI_948_2023\/ref-10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1950","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.168.18.1950","article-title":"Smoking cessation interventions for hospitalized smokers: A systematic review","volume":"168","author":"Rigotti","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.25259\/NMJI_948_2023\/ref-11","volume-title":"Sampling techniques","author":"Heinisch","year":"1963","edition":"2nd ed"},{"key":"10.25259\/NMJI_948_2023\/ref-12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01879.x","article-title":"The Fagerstr\u00f6m test for nicotine dependence: A revision of the Fagerstr\u00f6m tolerance questionnaire","volume":"86","author":"Heatherton","year":"1991","journal-title":"Br J Addict"},{"key":"10.25259\/NMJI_948_2023\/ref-13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.328.7435.338","article-title":"Assessment of dependence and motivation to stop smoking","volume":"328","author":"West","year":"2004","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.25259\/NMJI_948_2023\/ref-14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.4103\/2224-3151.206929","article-title":"Initiating tobacco cessation services in India: Challenges and opportunities","volume":"1","author":"Varghese","year":"2012","journal-title":"WHO South East Asia J Public Health"},{"key":"10.25259\/NMJI_948_2023\/ref-15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1177\/1010539513485787","article-title":"Incidence of tobacco use among adults (15-64 years) in rural Kerala","volume":"25","author":"Sathish","year":"2013","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Public Health"},{"key":"10.25259\/NMJI_948_2023\/ref-16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_36_18","article-title":"Socioeconomic and cultural impact of tobacco in India","volume":"7","author":"Shah","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Family Med Prim Care"},{"key":"10.25259\/NMJI_948_2023\/ref-17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"g7512","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g7512","article-title":"Smoking prevalence among Indian women doubled in five years, study finds","volume":"349","author":"Travasso","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.25259\/NMJI_948_2023\/ref-18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2011-050012","article-title":"Hidden female smokers in Asia: A comparison of self-reported with cotinine-verified smoking prevalence rates in representative national data from an Asian population","volume":"21","author":"Jung-Choi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Tob Control"},{"key":"10.25259\/NMJI_948_2023\/ref-19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1159\/000064015","article-title":"Harm reduction: A treatment approach for resistant smokers with tobacco-related symptoms","volume":"69","author":"Jim\u00e9nez-Ruiz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Respiration"},{"key":"10.25259\/NMJI_948_2023\/ref-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.4103\/ijc.IJC_213_19","article-title":"Socio-demographic correlates of quit attempts and successful quitting among smokers in India: Analysis of Global Adult Tobacco Survey 2016-17","volume":"58","author":"Tripathy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indian J Cancer"},{"key":"10.25259\/NMJI_948_2023\/ref-21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2011.10.026","article-title":"Community-based group intervention for tobacco cessation in rural Tamil Nadu, India: A cluster randomized trial","volume":"43","author":"Kumar","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Subst Abuse Treat"},{"key":"10.25259\/NMJI_948_2023\/ref-22","first-page":"37","article-title":"Tobacco smoking in India: Prevalence, quit-rates and respiratory morbidity","volume":"48","author":"Jindal","year":"2006","journal-title":"Indian J Chest Dis Allied Sci"},{"key":"10.25259\/NMJI_948_2023\/ref-23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1093\/her\/cyp020","article-title":"Smoking cessation and diabetes control in Kerala, India: An urgent need for health education","volume":"24","author":"Thresia","year":"2009","journal-title":"Health Educ Res"},{"key":"10.25259\/NMJI_948_2023\/ref-24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph9020564","article-title":"Knowledge of health effects and intentions to quit among smokers in India: Findings from the Tobacco Control Policy (TCP) India Pilot Survey","volume":"9","author":"Sansone","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"10.25259\/NMJI_948_2023\/ref-25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD008286","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008286.pub3","article-title":"Combined pharmacotherapy and behavioural interventions for smoking cessation","volume":"3","author":"Stead","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.25259\/NMJI_948_2023\/ref-26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.317.7168.1266","article-title":"Nicotine replacement therapy for a healthier nation: Nicotine replacement is cost-effective and should be prescribable on the NHS","volume":"317","author":"Smeeth","year":"1998","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.25259\/NMJI_948_2023\/ref-27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-13-263","article-title":"Correlates of tobacco quit attempts and cessation in the adult population of India: Secondary analysis of the Global Adult Tobacco Survey, 2009-10","volume":"13","author":"Srivastava","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"}],"container-title":["The National Medical Journal of India"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/nmji.in\/effectiveness-of-tobacco-cessation-interventions-and-risk-factors-for-tobacco-use-relapse-a-cohort-study\/","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/nmji.in\/effectiveness-of-tobacco-cessation-interventions-and-risk-factors-for-tobacco-use-relapse-a-cohort-study\/","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T08:31:31Z","timestamp":1776760291000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/nmji.in\/effectiveness-of-tobacco-cessation-interventions-and-risk-factors-for-tobacco-use-relapse-a-cohort-study\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]]},"references-count":27,"alternative-id":["10.25259\/NMJI_948_2023"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25259\/nmji_948_2023","relation":{},"ISSN":["2583-150X","0970-258X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2583-150X","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0970-258X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]]},"article-number":"159"}}