{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T06:10:53Z","timestamp":1781244653451,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Scientific Scholar","content-domain":{"domain":["surgicalneurologyint.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"st1\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Brain arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are intracranial vascular lesions characterized by a nidus of vessels fed by an artery and drained by a vein, lacking intervening capillaries. Angiography remains the gold standard for a definitive diagnosis. There is a paucity in the literature regarding clinical presentation and management of patients with calcified cerebral AVM (cCAVM). This study aims to highlight the clinical presentation and management of patients with cCAVM and also to propose a classification of calcification patterns in cCAVMs based on brain computed tomography (CT) findings.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"st2\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A systematic review using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science was done according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines to identify cases that illustrate cCAVM. A case series was also presented to supplement the current literature.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"st3\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Twenty patients with cCAVM were included, with the male gender representing more than 50% of the patient population. Their age ranged from 11 to 69 years, with seizures being the most common presenting symptom. The frontal lobe was the most common location of AVMs, followed by the parietal lobe. Most (80%) of the calcifications were nidal, with the remaining being extranidal (20%).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"st4\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The CT scans of patients displayed significant variability due to the unique characteristics of each cCAVM. To address this diversity, a novel classification system was developed to provide a comprehensive framework for understanding cCAVMs based on their location, size, and extent.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.25259\/sni_102_2025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]],"date-time":"2025-03-28T10:22:19Z","timestamp":1743157339000},"page":"104","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25259\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Cerebral arteriovenous malformation calcifications: A systematic review, case series, and a proposed classification system"],"prefix":"10.25259","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Khalid M.","family":"Alshuqayfi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Usama","family":"AlDallal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cambridge Addenbrooke\u2019s Hospital Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sadeem","family":"Albulaihed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oday","family":"Atallah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mayur","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Louisville, Kentucky, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammedbaqer Ali","family":"Al-Ghuraibawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Warith Al-Anbiyaa, Karbala, Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mostafa H.","family":"Algabri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Baghdad, College of Medicine, Baghdad, Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mustafa","family":"Ismail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Baghdad Teaching Hospital, Baghdad, Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samer S.","family":"Hoz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10894","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_102_2025\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E7","DOI":"10.3171\/2014.6.FOCUS14250","article-title":"Natural history of brain arteriovenous malformations: A systematic review","volume":"37","author":"Abecassis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_102_2025\/ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2019.02.016","article-title":"Safety and outcome of combined endovascular and surgical management of low grade cerebral arteriovenous malformations in children compared to surgery alone","volume":"116","author":"Al-Smadi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_102_2025\/ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00418082","article-title":"Clinical and radiological evaluation of angiographically occult, calcified intracranial vascular malformation. 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