{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T09:41:57Z","timestamp":1777110117966,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Scientific Scholar","content-domain":{"domain":["surgicalneurologyint.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"st1\">\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Brain metastases are the most common intracranial tumors in adults and typically present as contrast-enhancing lesions on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Maximizing the extent of resection (EOR) is critical for achieving optimal oncological and functional outcomes. Intraoperative sodium fluorescein has been proposed as an adjunct to improve tumor visualization during resection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"st2\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A prospective cohort study with a retrospective historical control group was conducted between 2023 and 2025, including 73 patients with histologically confirmed brain metastases. Fluorescein-guided resection was performed in 42 patients, while 31 patients underwent conventional microscopic resection. Sodium fluorescein (5 mg\/kg) was administered intravenously after anesthesia induction. EOR was assessed using volumetric analysis of pre- and early postoperative contrast-enhanced MRI, and histopathological analysis was performed on fluorescent and non-fluorescent tissue samples.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"st3\">\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Gross total resection was achieved in 95.3% of cases, with a mean EOR of 95.3% \u00b1 3.99%. Fluorescein-guided surgery resulted in a significantly higher mean EOR compared with conventional microscopy (98.1% vs. 91.5%,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001). Sodium fluorescein demonstrated a sensitivity of 95.2% for identifying metastatic tumor tissue, with specificity reflecting the integration of fluorescence findings with anatomical knowledge and preoperative MRI correlation. One transient allergic reaction was reported and managed conservatively.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"st4\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Intraoperative sodium fluorescein is a safe and effective adjunct for the surgical resection of brain metastases, enabling improved tumor margin visualization and significantly increasing the EOR without compromising normal brain tissue.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.25259\/sni_130_2026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T08:52:17Z","timestamp":1777107137000},"page":"243","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25259\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Optimizing resection of brain metastatic lesions with intraoperative sodium fluorescein guidance"],"prefix":"10.25259","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Mohammad Abdulsalam","family":"Soliman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Al-Ahrar Teaching Hospital, Zagazig, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohamed Khaled","family":"El-Badawy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Alawamry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hassan Ahmed","family":"Abaza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"10894","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_130_2026\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2519","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-023-05635-1","article-title":"Fluorescein-guided resection of a left frontal pre-rolandic cerebral metastasis: How I do it","volume":"165","author":"Acerbi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wein)"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_130_2026\/ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14030617","article-title":"Effect of 5-aminolevulinic acid and sodium fluorescein on the extent of resection in high-grade gliomas and brain metastasis","volume":"14","author":"Ahrens","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_130_2026\/ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2020.00739","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier, blood-brain tumor barrier, and fluorescence-guided neurosurgical oncology: Delivering optical labels to brain tumors","volume":"10","author":"Belykh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_130_2026\/ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4890","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15194890","article-title":"Intraoperative imaging and optical visualization techniques for brain tumor resection: A narrative review","volume":"15","author":"Bin-Alamer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_130_2026\/ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2020.01069","article-title":"5-aminolevulinic acid multispectral imaging for the fluorescence-guided resection of brain tumors: A prospective observational study","volume":"10","author":"Charalampaki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_130_2026\/ref-6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17081332","article-title":"Current and future applications of 5-aminolevulinic acid in neurosurgical oncology","volume":"17","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_130_2026\/ref-7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2503","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-022-01778-4","article-title":"Intraoperative ultrasound in brain tumor surgery: A review and implementation guide","volume":"45","author":"Dixon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurosurg Rev"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_130_2026\/ref-8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering10040496","article-title":"5-Aminolevulinic acid as a theranostic agent for tumor fluorescence imaging and photodynamic therapy","volume":"10","author":"Howley","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bioengineering (Basel)"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_130_2026\/ref-9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-022-05417-1","article-title":"Mind the gap-the use of sodium fluoresceine for resection of brain metastases to improve the resection rate","volume":"165","author":"Kerschbaumer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_130_2026\/ref-10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1080\/02688697.2021.1950637","article-title":"Gross total resection with fluorescence could lead to improved overall survival rates: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"36","author":"Nikova","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br J Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_130_2026\/ref-11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-020-03667-6","article-title":"Intraoperative MRI for brain tumors","volume":"151","author":"Rogers","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_130_2026\/ref-12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E10","DOI":"10.3171\/2023.5.FOCUS23197","article-title":"Brain metastasis resection: The impact of fluorescence Guidance (MetResect study)","volume":"55","author":"Schebesch","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_130_2026\/ref-13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-013-1643-y","article-title":"Sodium fluorescein-guided resection under the YELLOW 560 nm surgical microscope filter in malignant brain tumor surgery--a feasibility study","volume":"155","author":"Schebesch","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wein)"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_130_2026\/ref-14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682151","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.682151","article-title":"Fluorescence-guided surgery: A review on timing and use in brain tumor surgery","volume":"12","author":"Schupper","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_130_2026\/ref-15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-819826-1.00013-2","article-title":"Intraoperative mapping and monitoring during brain tumor surgeries","volume":"186","author":"Seidel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Handb Clin Neurol"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_130_2026\/ref-16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.3390\/tomography9050124","article-title":"Intraoperative fluorophores: An update on 5-aminolevulinic acid and sodium fluorescein in resection of tumors of the central nervous system and metastatic lesions-a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Shah","year":"2023","journal-title":"Tomography"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_130_2026\/ref-17","first-page":"e49249","article-title":"Oncological horizons: The synergy of medical and surgical innovations in cancer treatment","volume":"15","author":"Shams","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_130_2026\/ref-18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922181","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2022.922181","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier alterations and edema formation in different brain mass 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