{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T08:59:20Z","timestamp":1785488360482,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"Scientific Scholar","content-domain":{"domain":["surgicalneurologyint.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"\n Background:<\/jats:title>\n Encephalocele is a pathological condition characterized by the herniation of intracranial contents through a cranial bone defect. Although most cases are congenital, traumatic encephaloceles can occur following blunt head injury, surgical interventions, or other acquired causes. These lesions are clinically significant due to their association with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage and the risk of life-threatening meningitis. Traumatic encephaloceles in children are exceedingly rare, particularly those involving the fronto-ethmoidal region.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Case Description:<\/jats:title>\n We report the case of a 13-year-old girl with delayed-onset CSF rhinorrhea, beginning 4 years after craniofacial trauma. Imaging revealed right frontal and fronto-basal parasagittal cortico-subcortical encephalomalacia, an extensive defect at the ethmoid roof, and an associated ethmoidal encephalocele. The patient underwent single-stage endonasal endoscopic repair with multilayer skull base reconstruction. Postoperative follow-up demonstrated complete resolution of rhinorrhea and no recurrence on imaging.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n This case highlights the importance of long-term vigilance in pediatric patients with craniofacial trauma and supports the use of endonasal endoscopic techniques as an effective and minimally invasive approach for the repair of chronic CSF fistulas and associated encephaloceles.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.25259\/sni_1355_2025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T08:22:30Z","timestamp":1785486150000},"page":"430","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25259\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Delayed diagnosis and surgical repair of a chronic post-traumatic cerebrospinal fluid fistula with encephalocele in a child"],"prefix":"10.25259","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Ines Massano","family":"Jesus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Unidade local de Sa\u00fade Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruben","family":"Cardoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Unidade local de Sa\u00fade Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davide","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of ENT, Unidade local de Sa\u00fade Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catarina","family":"Rato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of ENT, Unidade local de Sa\u00fade Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Gustavo","family":"Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Unidade local de Sa\u00fade Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10894","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_1355_2025\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mlg.0000154719.62668.70","article-title":"The management of cerebrospinal fluid leaks in patients at risk for high-pressure hydrocephalus","volume":"115","author":"Carrau","year":"2005","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_1355_2025\/ref-2","first-page":"E12","article-title":"Endoscopic endonasal approach for skull base lesions: Technical concepts and reconstructive strategies","volume":"37","author":"Fernandez-Miranda","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_1355_2025\/ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1882","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mlg.0000234933.37779.e4","article-title":"A novel reconstructive technique after endoscopic expanded endonasal approaches: Vascular pedicle nasoseptal flap","volume":"116","author":"Hadad","year":"2006","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_1355_2025\/ref-4","article-title":"Fetology: Diagnosis and Management of the Fetal Patient","volume-title":"Encephalocele","author":"Harrison","year":"2010","edition":"2nd ed"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_1355_2025\/ref-5","first-page":"ONS44","article-title":"Endoscopic reconstruction of the cranial base using a pedicled nasoseptal flap","volume":"63","author":"Kassam","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_1355_2025\/ref-6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000008955","article-title":"Natural history of traumatic encephaloceles: A systematic literature review","volume":"34","author":"Langman","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Craniofac Surg"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_1355_2025\/ref-7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-46447-9_27","article-title":"Skull base CSF leaks","volume-title":"Skull Base Imaging","author":"Midyett","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_1355_2025\/ref-8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.14.2.106","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea","volume":"14","author":"Ommaya","year":"1964","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_1355_2025\/ref-9","first-page":"e44507","article-title":"Traumatic encephalocele in a 16-year-old male: A rare phenomenon","volume":"15","author":"Oswal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_1355_2025\/ref-10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/s41984-023-00211-2","article-title":"Post-traumatic meningoencephalocele as a complication after head trauma and surgery: Literature review focusing on the relevance of patient\u2019s history and radiological follow-up","volume":"38","author":"Pesce","year":"2023","journal-title":"Egypt J Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_1355_2025\/ref-11","first-page":"59","article-title":"Reconstruction of large cranial base defects following endoscopic endonasal skull base surgery","volume":"20","author":"Snyderman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Skull Base"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_1355_2025\/ref-12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1186\/s13256-024-04735-5","article-title":"Traumatic encephalocele in the nasal cavity after 6 years of trauma: A case report","volume":"18","author":"Tawashi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Med Case Rep"}],"container-title":["Surgical Neurology International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/surgicalneurologyint.com\/delayed-diagnosis-and-surgical-repair-of-a-chronic-post-traumatic-cerebrospinal-fluid-fistula-with-encephalocele-in-a-child\/","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/surgicalneurologyint.com\/surgicalint-articles\/delayed-diagnosis-and-surgical-repair-of-a-chronic-post-traumatic-cerebrospinal-fluid-fistula-with-encephalocele-in-a-child\/","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T08:22:42Z","timestamp":1785486162000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/surgicalneurologyint.com\/surgicalint-articles\/delayed-diagnosis-and-surgical-repair-of-a-chronic-post-traumatic-cerebrospinal-fluid-fistula-with-encephalocele-in-a-child\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]},"references-count":12,"alternative-id":["10.25259\/SNI_1355_2025"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25259\/sni_1355_2025","relation":{},"ISSN":["2152-7806","2229-5097"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2152-7806","type":"electronic"},{"value":"2229-5097","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]},"article-number":"430"}}