{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T10:05:39Z","timestamp":1780653939465,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Scientific Scholar","content-domain":{"domain":["surgicalneurologyint.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"\n Background:<\/jats:title>\n Glioblastoma (GBM) remains the most lethal primary brain tumor, with a median survival of 15 months and a 10-year survival rate of <1%. While current research into the dopaminergic system has largely focused on dopamine receptor antagonists, we aimed to investigate the potential therapeutic benefit of dopamine agonists (dopamine receptor D2) through the observation of incidental \u201csuper-survivors.\u201d<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Case Description:<\/jats:title>\n We report two cases of adult GBM patients who received concurrent treatment with dopamine agonists for unrelated comorbidities. The first patient, treated with the ergot derivative bromocriptine for a prolactinoma, presented with multifocal disease and underwent subtotal resection. Despite developing a recurrence, he remains alive and progression-free for >11 years after diagnosis. The second patient, a 70-year-old male with Parkinson\u2019s disease treated with the non-ergot dopamine agonist pramipexole and with Sinemet, which increases the amount of available dopamine. He had a low Karnofsky Performance Score and received minimal adjuvant therapy. Despite these poor prognostic factors, he achieved a progression-free survival of 15 months and did not succumb to tumor progression.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n These observational cases suggest a hypothetical association between dopamine agonist therapy and improved survival outcomes in GBM, challenging the current paradigm that favors receptor antagonism. Given the safety, low cost, and blood\u2013brain barrier penetrance of these Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs, we propose that dopamine agonists warrant further investigation as repurposed adjuvant agents in GBM treatment.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.25259\/sni_243_2026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T09:21:35Z","timestamp":1780651295000},"page":"340","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25259\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Long-term survival in glioblastoma patients treated with dopamine agonists: A report of two cases and implications for drug repurposing"],"prefix":"10.25259","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Liat","family":"Oxman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yosef","family":"Laviv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10894","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_243_2026\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-025-07693-y","article-title":"Dopamine D2 receptor agonists abrogate neuroendocrine tumour angiogenesis to inhibit chemotherapy-refractory small cell lung cancer progression","volume":"16","author":"Alam","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_243_2026\/ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S173","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noae031","article-title":"ACTION: A randomized phase 3 study of ONC201 (dordaviprone) in patients with newly diagnosed H3 K27M-mutant diffuse glioma","volume":"26","author":"Arrillaga-Romany","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_243_2026\/ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5551","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-04-1600","article-title":"Ablation of peripheral dopaminergic nerves stimulates malignant tumor growth by inducing vascular permeability factor\/vascular endothelial growth factor-mediated angiogenesis","volume":"64","author":"Basu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_243_2026\/ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11085","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1920154117","article-title":"The dopamine receptor antagonist trifluoperazine prevents phenotype conversion and improves survival in mouse models of glioblastoma","volume":"117","author":"Bhat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_243_2026\/ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/nox210","article-title":"Monoamines in glioblastoma: Complex biology with therapeutic potential","volume":"20","author":"Caragher","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_243_2026\/ref-6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1982","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1589-18.2018","article-title":"Activation of dopamine receptor 2 prompts transcriptomic and metabolic plasticity in glioblastoma","volume":"39","author":"Caragher","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_243_2026\/ref-7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3861","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-23-0816","article-title":"Analysis and visualization of longitudinal genomic and clinical data from the AACR project GENIE biopharma collaborative in cBioPortal","volume":"83","author":"De Bruijn","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_243_2026\/ref-8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2008.10.034","article-title":"New drugs for brain tumors? 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