{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T13:18:56Z","timestamp":1789564736959,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Scientific Scholar","content-domain":{"domain":["surgicalneurologyint.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"st1\">\n<jats:title>Background: <\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Rhinocerebral mucormycosis (ROCM) is an opportunistic fungal infection originating from the paranasal sinuses with extension to the brain. A delayed diagnosis can rapidly result in a poor prognosis. ROCM commonly affects patients with diabetes or immunocompromised states with a variable progression.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"st2\">\n<jats:title>Case Description: <\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>We report the case of a 59-year old patient with an untreated diabetes who developed a ROCM with rapidly progressive neurological symptoms. From the onset of sinus pain, nasal congestion, he rapidly developed facial swelling and masticatory dysfunction. The patient underwent sinus surgery which allowed Rhizopus oryzae to be isolated. Accordingly, a systemic therapy by intensive <jats:italic>intravenous amphotericin B<\/jats:italic> was started. Nevertheless, the infection rapidly resulted in bilateral cavernous sinuses thrombosis and occlusion of the left internal carotid artery providing the subsequent patient death.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"st3\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion: <\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Mucormycosis is a life-threatening fungal infection in diabetic and\/or immunosuppressed patients. Our case demonstrates the three main mechanisms for infection spreading that are direct, perineural, and perivascular diffusion. Clear identification of the main risk factors, proper assessment of clinical features, and radiological findings may improve the chance for an early diagnosis and patient survival.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.25259\/sni_275_2021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,31]],"date-time":"2021-05-31T06:33:47Z","timestamp":1622442827000},"page":"245","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25259\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Imaging features of perineural and perivascular spread in rapidly progressive rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis: A case report and brief review of the literature"],"prefix":"10.25259","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Karol","family":"Galletta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Dental Science and Morphological and Functional Images, Messina, Italy."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Concetta","family":"Alafaci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences and Morphological and Functional Imaging, Section of Neurosurgery, Messina, Italy."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ferdinando Stagno","family":"D\u2019Alcontres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Adult and Development Age Human Pathology \u201cGaetano Barresi,\u201d University of Messina, Messina, Italy."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mormina Enrico","family":"Maria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Dental Science and Morphological and Functional Images, Messina, Italy."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Cavallaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Dental Science and Morphological and Functional Images, Messina, Italy."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giorgia","family":"Ricciardello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Dental Science and Morphological and Functional Images, Messina, Italy."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergio","family":"Vinci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Dental Science and Morphological and Functional Images, Messina, Italy."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Grasso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, Section of Neurosurgery, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Granata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Dental Science and Morphological and Functional Images, Messina, Italy."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10894","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_275_2021\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-879X2006005000143","article-title":"Neutrophil function and metabolism in individuals with diabetes mellitus","volume":"40","author":"Alba-Loureiro","year":"2007","journal-title":"Braz J Med Biol Res"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_275_2021\/ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2006.01604.x","article-title":"Mucormycosis: An emerging disease?","volume":"12","author":"Bouza","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_275_2021\/ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1080\/13693780500464930","article-title":"The rising trend of invasive zygomycosis in patients with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus","volume":"44","author":"Chakrabarti","year":"2006","journal-title":"Med Mycol"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_275_2021\/ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.3109\/13693786.2010.486010","article-title":"Rhinoentomophthoromycosis due to Conidiobolus coronatus. 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