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More recent studies have clearly shown that while not definitely causing these cancers, these viruses appear capable of affecting the biology of these tumors in such a way as to make them more aggressive and more resistant to conventional treatments. The term oncomodulatory viruses has been used to describe this phenomenon. A number of recent studies have shown a growing number of ways these oncomodulatory viruses can alter the pathology of these tumors by affecting cell-signaling, cell metabolism, apoptosis mechanisms, cell-cell communication, inflammation, antitumor immunity suppression, and angiogenesis. We are also learning that much of the behavior of tumors depends on cancer stem cells and stromal cells within the tumor microenvironment, which participate in extensive, dynamic crosstalk known to affect tumor behavior. Cancer stem cells have been found to be particularly susceptible to infection by human cytomegalovirus. In a number of studies, it has been shown that while only a select number of cells are actually infected with the virus, numerous viral proteins are released into cancer and stromal cells in the microenvironment and these viral proteins are known to affect tumor behavior and aggressiveness.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.25259\/sni_361_2019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,11]],"date-time":"2019-10-11T03:35:38Z","timestamp":1570764938000},"page":"199","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25259\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Accelerated cancer aggressiveness by viral oncomodulation: New targets and newer natural treatments for cancer control and treatment"],"prefix":"10.25259","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Russell L.","family":"Blaylock","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10894","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_361_2019\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2202-12-78","article-title":"Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract inhibits glutamate-induced cell death through inhibition of calcium signals and nitric oxide formation in cultured rat hippocampal neurons","volume":"12","author":"Ahn","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Neurosci"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_361_2019\/ref-2","first-page":"30","article-title":"Type-C viral particles in cell cultures of chemically induced glioma in Sprague-Dawley rats","volume":"24","author":"Anzil","year":"1978","journal-title":"Vopr Onkol"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_361_2019\/ref-3","first-page":"293","article-title":"Altered cytokine production after human herpes virus Type 6 infection","volume":"22","author":"Arena","year":"1999","journal-title":"New Microbiol"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_361_2019\/ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2093","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.06-6191com","article-title":"Receptor-mediated tobacco toxicity: Cooperation of the ras\/Raf-1\/MEK1\/ERK and JAK-2\/STAT-3 pathways downstream of alpha7 nicotinic receptor in oral keratinocytes","volume":"20","author":"Arredondo","year":"2006","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_361_2019\/ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6781","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0514-06.2006","article-title":"Glial progenitors in adult white matter are driven to form malignant gliomas by platelet-derived growth factor-expressing retroviruses","volume":"26","author":"Assanah","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_361_2019\/ref-6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2374","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules15042374","article-title":"GLUT1 and GLUT3 as potential prognostic markers for oral squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"15","author":"Ayala","year":"2010","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_361_2019\/ref-7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)04046-0","article-title":"Inflammation and cancer: Back to Virchow?","volume":"357","author":"Balkwill","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_361_2019\/ref-8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5591","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.116392","article-title":"The tumor microenvironment at a glance","volume":"125","author":"Balkwill","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Cell Sci"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_361_2019\/ref-9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2009.10.040","article-title":"Oncomodulatory mechanisms of human cytomegalovirus in gliomas","volume":"17","author":"Barami","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_361_2019\/ref-10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.9.5.824-827.1974","article-title":"Glycolysis during early infection of feline and human cells with feline leukemia virus","volume":"9","author":"Bardell","year":"1974","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_361_2019\/ref-11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4043","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI57147","article-title":"Detection of human cytomegalovirus in medulloblastomas reveals a potential therapeutic target","volume":"121","author":"Baryawno","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_361_2019\/ref-12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2548","DOI":"10.4161\/cc.9.13.12170","article-title":"Medulloblastoma: A disease with disorganized developmental signaling cascades","volume":"9","author":"Baryawno","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell Cycle"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_361_2019\/ref-13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd2781","article-title":"Is NF-kappaB a good target for cancer therapy? 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