{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,30]],"date-time":"2025-08-30T00:03:48Z","timestamp":1756512228008,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Scientific Scholar","content-domain":{"domain":["surgicalneurologyint.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"st1\">\n<jats:title>Background: <\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Spinal arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are rare vascular lesions of the central nervous system that may lead to progressive myelopathy or acute neurological decline. Early diagnosis remains challenging due to the nonspecific nature of symptoms and limitations in imaging.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"st2\">\n<jats:title>Case Description: <\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>We present a series of four cases of AVMs treated with endovascular embolization. Patients ranged in age from 19 to 65 years and presented with various symptoms, including tetraparesis, progressive spastic paraparesis, and acute paraplegia. Malformations included type II (glomus), type III (juvenile), and a complex medullary-bulbar AVM associated with cerebellar hemangioblastomas. Embolization was performed using ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer with or without functional balloon occlusion testing. In one case, hemorrhage prompted surgical decompression following embolization \u2013 another required staged endovascular treatment for a prenidal aneurysm. Outcomes included partial improvement in motor and sensory symptoms, with persistent deficits in severe cases.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"st3\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion: <\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Endovascular therapy, a proven and often preferred option for managing AVMs, especially in cases where surgical access is limited or high-risk, has demonstrated significant effectiveness. While complete obliteration is not always achievable, reducing flow and nidus volume can significantly improve symptoms and decrease the risk of hemorrhage. Multidisciplinary planning and individualized treatment are essential for optimal outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.25259\/sni_383_2025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]],"date-time":"2025-08-29T08:14:55Z","timestamp":1756455295000},"page":"369","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25259\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Endovascular management of spinal arteriovenous malformations: Report of four cases and literature review"],"prefix":"10.25259","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Pablo Andr\u00e9s","family":"Vega Medina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Panama, Octavio M\u00e9ndez Pereira, Panama"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabriela Jezzabel","family":"Sarzosa Quim\u00ed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Panama, Octavio M\u00e9ndez Pereira, Panama"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura Alexandra","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Panama, Octavio M\u00e9ndez Pereira, Panama"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Orlando","family":"Villarreal-Barrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Santo Tom\u00e1s, Panama City, Panama"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"10894","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_383_2025\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2767","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-021-06881-6","article-title":"Management of spinal aneurysms associated with arteriovenous malformations: Systematic literature review and illustrative case","volume":"30","author":"Baldassarre","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_383_2025\/ref-2","first-page":"161","article-title":"Endovascular treatment of spinal arteriovenous malformations","volume-title":"Handbook of clinical neurology","volume":"143","author":"Brinjikji","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_383_2025\/ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-016-0713-z","article-title":"Spinal vascular malformations: Treatment strategies and outcome","volume":"40","author":"Flores","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurosurg Rev"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_383_2025\/ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0b013e318276b5d3","article-title":"Spinal glomus (type II) arteriovenous malformations: A pooled analysis of hemorrhage risk and results of intervention","volume":"72","author":"Gross","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_383_2025\/ref-5","first-page":"4875","article-title":"Spinal arteriovenous malformations","volume":"22","author":"Guerrero-De Le\u00f3n","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev Mex Neurocienc"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_383_2025\/ref-6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2110","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A7312","article-title":"Spinal vascular shunts: A patterned approach","volume":"42","author":"Kona","year":"2021","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_383_2025\/ref-7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1212\/CON.0000000000000595","article-title":"Vascular disorders of the spinal cord","volume":"24","author":"Kramer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Continuum (Minneap Minn)"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_383_2025\/ref-8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-011-0880-0","article-title":"Endovascular embolization for symptomatic perimedullary AVF and intramedullary AVM: A series and a literature 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J Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_383_2025\/ref-12","first-page":"1045","article-title":"A review of vascular abnormalities of the spine","volume":"3","author":"Singh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Vasc Med Res"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_383_2025\/ref-13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.08.010","article-title":"A descriptive analysis of spinal cord arteriovenous malformations: Clinical features, outcomes, and trends in management","volume":"131","author":"Varshneya","year":"2019","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_383_2025\/ref-14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s00062-021-01066-6","article-title":"Glue, onyx, squid or PHIL? Liquid embolic agents for the embolization of cerebral arteriovenous malformations and dural arteriovenous fistulas","volume":"32","author":"Vollherbst","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Neuroradiol"}],"container-title":["Surgical Neurology International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/surgicalneurologyint.com\/endovascular-management-of-spinal-arteriovenous-malformations-report-of-four-cases-and-literature-review\/","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/surgicalneurologyint.com\/surgicalint-articles\/endovascular-management-of-spinal-arteriovenous-malformations-report-of-four-cases-and-literature-review\/","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]],"date-time":"2025-08-29T08:14:58Z","timestamp":1756455298000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/surgicalneurologyint.com\/surgicalint-articles\/endovascular-management-of-spinal-arteriovenous-malformations-report-of-four-cases-and-literature-review\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]]},"references-count":14,"alternative-id":["10.25259\/SNI_383_2025"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25259\/sni_383_2025","relation":{},"ISSN":["2152-7806","2229-5097"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2152-7806","type":"electronic"},{"value":"2229-5097","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]]},"article-number":"369"}}