{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T14:46:41Z","timestamp":1788187601231,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Scientific Scholar","content-domain":{"domain":["surgicalneurologyint.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"st1\">\n<jats:title>Background: <\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>We present the rare case of a spontaneous intracranial subdural empyema caused by <jats:italic>Helicobacter cinaedi<\/jats:italic> in a preexisting chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"st2\">\n<jats:title>Case Description: <\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A 72-year-old man with a history of the right CSDH that remained radiologically unchanged for the past 2 years with conservative management was transferred to our hospital because of fever and convulsive seizure. Systemic sources of infection were not identified. Fever and extremely high levels of serum C-reactive protein (CRP) spontaneously improved without antibacterial therapy. One month after the fever disappeared, brain computed tomography (CT) showed an increase in CSDH size. Mildly elevated CRP levels persisted without fever. Interval changes in shape on CT and hyperintense signals on diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI) within the CSDH were observed with no neurological deficits. Five months later, the patient underwent craniotomy for a progressively enlarged CSDH. An infected organized hematoma was found, and copious pus was evacuated. Subsequently, an infected subdural hematoma (ISH) was diagnosed. Although bacterial cultures of the purulent specimen were negative, <jats:italic>H. cinaedi<\/jats:italic> was identified by gene sequencing analysis. Six months post antibiotic therapy, the ISH was under control, and abnormal DWI signals disappeared.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"st3\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion: <\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of ISH caused by <jats:italic>H. cinaedi<\/jats:italic>. This case suggests that ISH can follow a chronic course, mimicking the progressive expansion of subdural hematoma, and that <jats:italic>H. cinaedi<\/jats:italic> should be considered as a causative organism of ISH especially when conventional cultures are negative.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.25259\/sni_387_2021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,14]],"date-time":"2021-06-14T12:00:41Z","timestamp":1623672041000},"page":"288","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25259\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["<i>Helicobacter cinaedi<\/i>-infected chronic subdural hematoma mimicking an expanding hematoma: A case report"],"prefix":"10.25259","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Tomoaki","family":"Akiyama","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hirotoshi","family":"Imamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nobuyuki","family":"Fukui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nobuyuki","family":"Sakai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10894","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_387_2021\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.JJID.2016.031","article-title":"The first case report of cerebral cyst infection due to Helicobacter cinaedi","volume":"70","author":"Abiko","year":"2017","journal-title":"Jpn J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_387_2021\/ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00265-14","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of bacteremia caused by Helicobacter cinaedi and time required for blood cultures to become positive","volume":"52","author":"Araoka","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_387_2021\/ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-05088-2","article-title":"Unusual subdural empyema in a homeless patient diagnosed by molecular approach: A case report","volume":"20","author":"Brin","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_387_2021\/ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663.e661","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2015.11.015","article-title":"Review of the management of infected subdural hematoma","volume":"87","author":"Dabdoub","year":"2016","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_387_2021\/ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/149.1.58","article-title":"Characterization of Campylobacterlike organisms isolated from homosexual men","volume":"149","author":"Fennell","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_387_2021\/ref-6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.2176\/nmc.33.40","article-title":"Huge subdural empyema with unusual presentation in infant-case report","volume":"33","author":"Hamada","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo)"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_387_2021\/ref-7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-016-2129-3","article-title":"Unusual manifestation of Helicobacter cinaedi infection: A case report of intracranial subdural empyema and bacteremia","volume":"17","author":"Hayashi","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_387_2021\/ref-8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiac.2014.06.007","article-title":"Clinical and bacteriological characteristics of Helicobacter cinaedi infection","volume":"20","author":"Kawamura","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Infect Chemother"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_387_2021\/ref-9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.5692\/clinicalneurol.cn-000725","article-title":"Transformation from chronic subdural hematoma into subdural empyema following cat bites: A case report","volume":"55","author":"Konno","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rinsho Shinkeigaku"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_387_2021\/ref-10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2853","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00465-07","article-title":"Multicenter study to evaluate bloodstream infection by Helicobacter cinaedi in Japan","volume":"45","author":"Matsumoto","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_387_2021\/ref-11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2015.07.017","article-title":"A dramatic increase in the positive blood culture rates of Helicobacter cinaedi The evidence of differential detection abilities between the Bactec and BacT\/Alert systems","volume":"83","author":"Miyake","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_387_2021\/ref-12","first-page":"98","article-title":"A case of neonatal meningitis caused by Helicobacter cinaedi","volume":"32","author":"Morikawa","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Jpn Soc Neonatal Health Dev"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_387_2021\/ref-13","first-page":"319","article-title":"Case of infected subdural hematoma diagnosed by diffusion-weighted imaging","volume":"61","author":"Narita","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain Nerve"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_387_2021\/ref-14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2014.10.011","article-title":"Helicobacter cinaedi meningitis: A case report and review of previous cases","volume":"347","author":"Okubo","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_387_2021\/ref-15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.31.3.569-571.1993","article-title":"Septicemia and meningitis caused by Helicobacter cinaedi in a neonate","volume":"31","author":"Orlicek","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_387_2021\/ref-16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3893","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01622-12","article-title":"Identification of and screening for human Helicobacter cinaedi infections and carriers via nested PCR","volume":"50","author":"Oyama","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_387_2021\/ref-17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir692","article-title":"Broad-range 16S rRNA gene polymerase chain reaction for diagnosis of culture-negative bacterial infections","volume":"53","author":"Rampini","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_387_2021\/ref-18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.10.017","article-title":"First adult case of Helicobacter cinaedi meningitis","volume":"336","author":"Sugiyama","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_387_2021\/ref-19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105831","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2020.105831","article-title":"Morphological characteristics of infected subdural hematoma: Comparison with images of chronic subdural hematoma","volume":"194","author":"Tamai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_387_2021\/ref-20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1111\/hel.12236","article-title":"Clinical features of community-acquired Helicobacter cinaedi bacteremia","volume":"21","author":"Uwamino","year":"2016","journal-title":"Helicobacter"}],"container-title":["Surgical Neurology International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/surgicalneurologyint.com\/helicobacter-cinaedi-infected-chronic-subdural-hematoma-mimicking-an-expanding-hematoma-a-case-report\/","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/surgicalneurologyint.com\/surgicalint-articles\/helicobacter-cinaedi-infected-chronic-subdural-hematoma-mimicking-an-expanding-hematoma-a-case-report\/","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,14]],"date-time":"2021-06-14T12:00:55Z","timestamp":1623672055000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/surgicalneurologyint.com\/surgicalint-articles\/helicobacter-cinaedi-infected-chronic-subdural-hematoma-mimicking-an-expanding-hematoma-a-case-report\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,14]]},"references-count":20,"alternative-id":["10.25259\/SNI_387_2021"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25259\/sni_387_2021","relation":{},"ISSN":["2152-7806"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2152-7806","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,14]]},"article-number":"288"}}