{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T11:13:38Z","timestamp":1777893218922,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Scientific Scholar","content-domain":{"domain":["surgicalneurologyint.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"\n Background:<\/jats:title>\n The placement of Spinal Cord Stimulator (SCS) trial or permanent electrodes carries a 31.9-43% morbidity\/adverse event (AE) rate. Most AEs are attributed to electrode migration (EM: device-related AE 26.7% older cohort vs. 9.7% newer cohort), spinal epidural hematomas (SEHs: 0.81-2.6%), infection (3.4% older vs. 1.9% recent cohort), SCI (spinal cord injury: percutaneous 0.45% vs. 0.36% paddle electrodes), dural tears (DT\/ cerebrospinal fluid leaks (CSF leaks)), foreign body\/fibrous reactions, or syrinx formation.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods:<\/jats:title>\n SCSs are typically applied to address chronic neuropathic pain syndromes. Here, we evaluated 20 articles focusing on patients who developed postoperative myelopathy\/radiculopathy, variously attributed to MR-documented AE warranting medical or surgical intervention.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n Postoperative symptoms\/signs of AE typically included the acute development of new\/increased weakness, sensory loss, and\/or sphincter dysfunction. Requisite STAT MR scans usually confirmed the etiology of AE including electrode migration, SEH, DT, SCI, and\/or postoperative scarring\/fibrosis. Most patients warranted STAT surgery, while a small subset could be managed conservatively.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n The AE rate for spinal cord stimulators ranges from 31.9 to 43%. While the majority are due to electrode migration, other etiologies include SEH, SCI, DT, and foreign body reactions. Those who become acutely myelopathic usually warrant STAT MR scans with the majority additionally necessitating STAT surgical intervention to limit short\/long-term neurological morbidity.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.25259\/sni_405_2026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T06:50:20Z","timestamp":1777618220000},"page":"258","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25259\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Perspective\/short review: Adverse events associated with placement of spinal cord stimulators (SCS)"],"prefix":"10.25259","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Nancy E.","family":"Epstein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor of Clinical Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, State University of NY at Stony Brook, NY, c\/o Dr. Marc Agulnick 1122 Franklin Avenue Suite 106,Garden City, NY 11530, USA and Editor-in-Chief Surgical Neurology International"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marc A.","family":"Agulnick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistant Clinical Professor of Orthopedics, NYU Langone Hospital Long Island, NY, USA, 1122 Franklin Avenue, Suite 106, Garden City, NY 11530, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"10894","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_405_2026\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.21037\/jss-23-139","article-title":"Spinal epidural hematoma and permanent paraplegia following spinal cord stimulator implantation: A case report","volume":"10","author":"Baur","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Spine Surg"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_405_2026\/ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2013.06.012","article-title":"Is spinal cord stimulation safe? A review of its complications","volume":"82","author":"Bendersky","year":"2014","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_405_2026\/ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0000000000000029","article-title":"Spinal epidural hematoma after spinal cord stimulator trial lead placement in a patient taking aspirin","volume":"39","author":"Buvanendran","year":"2014","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_405_2026\/ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1179\/107902611X13069205199468","article-title":"Spontaneous epidural hematoma of thoracic spine presenting as brown-s\u00e9quard syndrome: Report of a case with review of the literature","volume":"34","author":"Cai","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_405_2026\/ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-023-01190-7","article-title":"Complications of spinal cord stimulator trials and implants: A review","volume":"27","author":"Garg","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Pain Headache Rep"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_405_2026\/ref-6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e268333","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2025-268333","article-title":"Compressive cervicothoracolumbar epidural haematoma following lead insertion for spinal cord stimulator trial","volume":"19","author":"Giakas","year":"2026","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_405_2026\/ref-7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E909","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2024.7.E909","article-title":"Spinal Cord stimulator complication rates: A single-institution, 22-year study (1999-2021)","volume":"27","author":"Ho","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_405_2026\/ref-8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1136\/rapm-2021-103307","article-title":"Evaluating the incidence of spinal cord injury after spinal cord stimulator implant: An updated retrospective review","volume":"47","author":"Hussain","year":"2022","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_405_2026\/ref-9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.25259\/SNI_311_2025","article-title":"Delayed epidural hematoma after spinal cord stimulator implantation in a patient with von Willebrand disease: Illustration","volume":"16","author":"Jaffee","year":"2025","journal-title":"Surg Neurol Int"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_405_2026\/ref-10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2999","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S378937","article-title":"Migration of epidural leads during spinal cord stimulator trials","volume":"15","author":"Jenkinson","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Pain Res"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_405_2026\/ref-11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-023-01178-3","article-title":"Complications of spinal cord stimulators-a comprehensive review 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