{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T15:14:00Z","timestamp":1782486840177,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Scientific Scholar","content-domain":{"domain":["surgicalneurologyint.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"st1\">\n<jats:title>Background: <\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Pediatric cranioplasty is associated with a high rate of complications, including bone resorption (BR) in 20\u201350% of cases. We aimed to evaluate factors contributing to BR, including the effect of the timing of cranioplasty and the use of post-surgical drains.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"st2\">\n<jats:title>Methods: <\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This is a dual institution retrospective review of all patients under 18 years old who underwent a cranioplasty following a decompressive craniectomy (DC) for the treatment of traumatic brain injury between 2011 and 2021. Early cranioplasty was defined as within 30 days after DC and late cranioplasty as &gt;30 days. Patients were grouped by BR and separately by timing to cranioplasty. Groups were compared based on the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) and postoperative drain usage.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"st3\">\n<jats:title>Results: <\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A total of 30 patients were included in the study. The mean age was 7.39 (standard deviation = 6.52) and 60% were male. The median time to cranioplasty was 13 days (interquartile range = 10\u201317). BR was present in 16.7% of cases. A subgaleal drain was utilized in 93.3% and an external ventricular drain (EVD) in 63.3% of patients following cranioplasty. Drain usage was not associated with BR and timing to cranioplasty was not associated with discharge or 6-month GOS.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"st4\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion: <\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This study demonstrates that early cranioplasty following DC may have similar outcomes to late cranioplasty. Post-surgical EVDs and subgaleal drains did not increase the incidence of BR, suggesting their importance in the postoperative management of these patients.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.25259\/sni_471_2023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,15]],"date-time":"2023-09-15T11:22:11Z","timestamp":1694776931000},"page":"329","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25259\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Analysis of the timing and the usage of drains following cranioplasty on outcomes and the incidence of bone resorption"],"prefix":"10.25259","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Ryan D.","family":"Morgan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas, United States."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdurrahman F.","family":"Kharbat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Oklahoma, Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reagan A.","family":"Collins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas, United States."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Garza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, The University of Texas Permian Basin, Odessa, United States."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhittin","family":"Belirgen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurosurgery, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas, United States."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laszlo","family":"Nagy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurosurgery, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas, United States."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10894","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_471_2023\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433.e","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000005933","article-title":"Outcomes and complications of pediatric cranioplasty: A systematic review","volume":"144","author":"Abu-Ghname","year":"2019","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_471_2023\/ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e941","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.07.041","article-title":"Are hygromas and hydrocephalus after decompressive craniectomy caused by impaired brain pulsatility, cerebrospinal fluid hydrodynamics, and glymphatic drainage? 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