{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T06:48:08Z","timestamp":1790750888622,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Scientific Scholar","content-domain":{"domain":["surgicalneurologyint.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"st1\">\n<jats:title>Background: <\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Ischemic cerebrovascular accidents (CVA) occur in 3.3\u20137.2% of patients with giant cell arteritis (GCA), and intracranial vessels are rarely affected. We, herein, report a case of intracranial GCA with rapidly progressive multiple intracranial vascular lesions.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"st2\">\n<jats:title>Case Description: <\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A 76-year-old woman visited a local doctor due to a headache; then, it improved spontaneously. Three months later, she suddenly had cerebral infarctions of bilateral pons and cerebellum. Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) revealed the left internal carotid artery (ICA) occlusion, the right vertebral artery (VA) occlusion, and the left VA stenosis. She was diagnosed with atherothrombotic stroke and dual antiplatelet therapy was administered. However, 2 weeks later, the left VA stenosis was aggravated. Therefore, we reviewed the data of MRA performed 3 months ago and noted no lesions in the ICA and VA. T1 black-blood post-gadolinium imaging sequence magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed vessel wall enhancement in the bilateral VA, left ICA, and bilateral superficial temporal artery. We performed a temporal artery biopsy and diagnosed her with GCA. The progression of the intracranial vascular lesions was decelerated by oral glucocorticoid administration.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"st3\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion: <\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Intracranial vascular lesions in GCA can be formed later than initial symptoms, such as headache, and aggravated despite improvement in headache. In patients with GCA, evaluating intracranial vessels as a control is useful for distinguishing them from arteriosclerotic lesions at the onset of CVA. Intracranial GCA is characterized by rapidly progressive vascular lesions in the bilateral ICA and VA. In addition, T1 black-blood post-gadolinium imaging sequence MRI may lead to early diagnosis and treatment.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.25259\/sni_529_2023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,15]],"date-time":"2023-09-15T11:32:52Z","timestamp":1694777572000},"page":"332","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25259\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Giant cell arteritis with severe intracranial involvement diagnosed and treated early"],"prefix":"10.25259","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Kentaro","family":"Mineji","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rie","family":"Yako","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naotsugu","family":"Toki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masaki","family":"Tomobuchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naoyuki","family":"Nakao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10894","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_529_2023\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.150143","article-title":"Severe intracranial involvement in giant cell arteritis: 5 Cases and literature review","volume":"43","author":"Alsolaimani","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_529_2023\/ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(199707)40:7<1189::AID-ART2>3.0.CO;2-4","article-title":"Vasculitis in the central nervous system","volume":"40","author":"Calabrese","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_529_2023\/ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.38.3.352","article-title":"Neurologic disease in biopsy-proven giant cell (temporal) arteritis","volume":"38","author":"Caselli","year":"1988","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_529_2023\/ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1002\/art.30155","article-title":"The lifetime risk of adult-onset rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory autoimmune rheumatic diseases","volume":"63","author":"Crowson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_529_2023\/ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(199808)41:8<1497::AID-ART22>3.0.CO;2-Z","article-title":"Permanent visual loss and cerebrovascular accidents in giant cell arteritis: Predictors and response to treatment","volume":"41","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Gay","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_529_2023\/ref-6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/art.37715","article-title":"2012 revised international chapel hill consensus conference nomenclature of vasculitides","volume":"65","author":"Jennette","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_529_2023\/ref-7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e265","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000000265","article-title":"Extra-and intracranial cerebral vasculitis in giant cell arteritis: An observational study","volume":"93","author":"Larivi\u00e8re","year":"2014","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_529_2023\/ref-8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1002\/art.23176","article-title":"Estimates of the prevalence of arthritis and other rheumatic conditions in the United States. 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