{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T19:03:18Z","timestamp":1791140598895,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Scientific Scholar","content-domain":{"domain":["surgicalneurologyint.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"st1\">\n<jats:title>Background: <\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is used as a treatment option for patients diagnosed with a form of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) that is highly resistant to conventional treatment methods. In 2009, DBS was granted a humanitarian device exemption-approval by the Food and Drug Administration after promising preliminary data. Monitoring of long-term safety data through post market surveillance of adverse events has not yet been conducted for DBS in OCD patients. This study aims to address this critical knowledge gap.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"st2\">\n<jats:title>Methods: <\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>All patient- and device-related (PR; DR) reports from January 1, 2012, to December 31, 2021, were downloaded and compiled from the manufacturer and user facility device experience (MAUDE) database pertaining to DBS for OCD using the product class name \u201cDeep Brain Stimulator For OCD.\u201d Data in this study were examined using descriptive statistics to evaluate for frequency of reporting.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"st3\">\n<jats:title>Results: <\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The most frequently reported PR adverse event categories included psychiatric (40%), neurological (19%), other (14%), decreased therapeutic response (10%), and infections (10%). The most frequent DR reports were high impedance (14%), energy output problem (7%), battery problem (7%), malposition of device (7%), and improper\/incorrect procedure or method (7%).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"st4\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion: <\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The PR and DR adverse events in our study align with the previous findings of adverse events. They also further solidify that DBS for refractory OCD may be a viable option for the right patient population. However, further studies are essential given the limitations of the MAUDE database.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.25259\/sni_613_2022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,2]],"date-time":"2022-09-02T05:55:58Z","timestamp":1662098158000},"page":"399","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25259\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Deep brain stimulation for refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder: A review and analysis of the FDA MAUDE database"],"prefix":"10.25259","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Mokshal H.","family":"Porwal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamsitha","family":"Karra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Umesh","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Orlando Regional Medical Center,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danish","family":"Bhatti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, Florida, United States."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10894","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_613_2022\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4671","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4400-07.2008","article-title":"Anticipatory activity in anterior cingulate cortex can be independent of conflict and error likelihood","volume":"28","author":"Aarts","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_613_2022\/ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.11.042","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation for refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"57","author":"Abelson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_613_2022\/ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2004.02.004","article-title":"Pathophysiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder: A necessary link between phenomenology, neuropsychology, imagery and physiology","volume":"72","author":"Aouizerate","year":"2004","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_613_2022\/ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0178984","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0178984","article-title":"Adverse events in deep brain stimulation: A retrospective long-term analysis of neurological, psychiatric and other occurrences","volume":"12","author":"Buhmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_613_2022\/ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1007\/s10519-007-9185-9","article-title":"Environmental factors in obsessive-compulsive behavior: Evidence from discordant and concordant monozygotic twins","volume":"38","author":"Cath","year":"2008","journal-title":"Behav Genet"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_613_2022\/ref-6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1159\/000521395","article-title":"Commentary on the continued investigational status of DBS for psychiatric indications","volume":"100","author":"Coffey","year":"2022","journal-title":"Stereotact Funct Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_613_2022\/ref-7","first-page":"34","article-title":"Clinical treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder","volume":"2","author":"Coric","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychiatry (Edgmont)"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_613_2022\/ref-9","first-page":"239","article-title":"Obsessive-compulsive disorder: Diagnosis and management","volume":"80","author":"Fenske","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_613_2022\/ref-10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-200060040-00006","article-title":"Fluvoxamine. 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