{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T07:40:34Z","timestamp":1791963634017,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Scientific Scholar","content-domain":{"domain":["surgicalneurologyint.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"st1\">\n<jats:title>Background: <\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>There are no published data on what drives depression\/anxiety in U.S. neurosurgery residents. We aimed to characterize the prevalence of and risk\/protective factors for depression, anxiety, and burnout in this population.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"st2\">\n<jats:title>Methods: <\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A cross-sectional study analyzing responses to a 28-question survey (including patient health questionnaire-9 [PHQ-9] and generalized anxiety disorder-7 [GAD-7] screening questions) from March to May 2023 distributed to U.S. neurosurgery residents. PHQ-9 and GAD-7 scores &gt;5 defined at least mild depression\/anxiety, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"st3\">\n<jats:title>Results: <\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>One hundred responses were included. Forty-six percent screened positive for at least mild depression, 41% for at least mild anxiety, and 45% reported feeling burnout. Strikingly, 10% of residents endorsed thoughts of self-harm\/suicide. On multivariate analysis, risk factors for mild depression included female gender (OR = 4.3; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.005), junior residency (OR = 3.1; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.015), and being on a neurosurgical service (OR = 4.6; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.01). The only risk factor for mild anxiety was female gender (OR = 3.3; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.031), while being married (OR = 0.2; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.006), protected didactic time (OR = 0.2; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.003), and department wellness initiatives (OR = 0.3; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.031) were protective factors. Finally, being on a neurosurgical service was a risk factor for burnout (OR 2.5; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.032), while department-sponsored wellness initiatives were protective (OR = 0.2; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.001).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"st4\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion: <\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Nearly half of the participants screened positive for depression, anxiety, and burnout, while 10% recently had suicidal thoughts. Overall, female gender, being on a neurosurgical service, and junior residency were risk factors associated with depression, anxiety, and\/or burnout. By contrast, department-sponsored wellness, being married, and protected didactic time were protective against one or multiple of these mental health disorders.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.25259\/sni_663_2025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T07:05:18Z","timestamp":1760079918000},"page":"424","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25259\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Prevalence of and risk factors for depression, anxiety, and burnout in U.S. neurosurgery residents"],"prefix":"10.25259","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Sherwin Andrew","family":"Tavakol","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samia","family":"Nawaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of California Los Angeles, Semel Institute for Neuroscience, Los Angeles, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nangorgo Jean Oumar","family":"Coulibaly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Randaline","family":"Barnett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miri","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Ben and Catherine Ivy Center for Advanced Brain Tumor Treatment, Seattle, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Radmehr","family":"Torabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Warren Alpert 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