{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T07:23:46Z","timestamp":1787729026461,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Scientific Scholar","content-domain":{"domain":["surgicalneurologyint.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"st1\">\n<jats:title>Background: <\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Endoscopic endonasal corridor is valuable for accessing and treating midline skull base pathologies. In the present work, we will discuss the anatomy of the medial wall of the orbit from an endonasal endoscopic perspective.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"st2\">\n<jats:title>Methods: <\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Six human cadaveric specimens underwent endonasal endoscopic dissection at the Surgical Neuroanatomy Laboratory of the Mexican Faculty of Medicine of La Salle University. We used a 0\u00b0, 4 mm diameter, and 18 cm length rigid endoscope using a 4K high-definition neuro-endoscopic visualization system, specialized surgical instruments for endonasal endoscopic surgery, and a high-speed drilling system.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"st3\">\n<jats:title>Results: <\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>In the endonasal endoscopic to the medial wall of the orbit, we describe two approaches: the superomedial approach (SMA) and the inferomedial approach (IMA). The SMA is located between the lower border of the superior oblique muscle and the superior border of the medial rectus muscle (MRM), and the IMA is located between the inferior border of the MRM and the superior border of the inferior rectus muscle. The topographic anatomy of the contents of each approach is described.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"st4\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion: <\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The endoscopic endonasal corridor safely reaches the medial half of the orbit through the inferomedial and SMAs.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.25259\/sni_869_2024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,10]],"date-time":"2025-01-10T09:40:26Z","timestamp":1736502026000},"page":"13","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25259\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Anatomy of the medial wall of the orbit undergoing an endoscopic endonasal approach: An inferomedial and superomedial approach"],"prefix":"10.25259","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Marco Antonio","family":"Garfias-Rodriguez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Skull Base Neurosurgery and Minimally Invasive Neurosurgery, Hospital Angeles Pedregal, Center for Surgical Specialties, Surgical Neuroanatomy Laboratory, Mexican School of Medicine of Universidad La Salle, Mexico City, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victor Ramzes","family":"Chavez-Herrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Centro Medico Nacional Siglo XXI, IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan Pablo","family":"Ichazo-Castellano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Skull Base Neurosurgery and Minimally Invasive Neurosurgery, Hospital Angeles Pedregal, Center for Surgical Specialties, Surgical Neuroanatomy Laboratory, Mexican School of Medicine of Universidad La Salle, Mexico City, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erick","family":"Zepeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Centro Medico Nacional Siglo XXI, IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Gallardo-Ceja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Angeles del Pedregal, Mexico City, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agust\u00edn","family":"Dorantes-Argandar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Cranial Base Surgery, Hospital Angeles Pedregal, Mexico City, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10894","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_869_2024\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-3019(85)90012-6","article-title":"Superolateral orbital exposure and reconstruction","volume":"23","author":"Al-Mefty","year":"1985","journal-title":"Surg Neurol"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_869_2024\/ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.21320","article-title":"Compartmental endoscopic surgical anatomy of the medial intraconal orbital space","volume":"4","author":"Bleier","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int Forum Allergy Rhinol"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_869_2024\/ref-3","first-page":"123","article-title":"The endoscopic, transethmoidal, transorbital approach to the orbital apex","volume-title":"Practical endoscopic skull base surgery","author":"Brown","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_869_2024\/ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1929","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-011-1917-z","article-title":"Endoscopic transnasal intraorbital surgery: Our experience with 16 cases","volume":"269","author":"Castelnuovo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_869_2024\/ref-5","first-page":"E2","article-title":"Endoscopic endonasal surgery of the midline skull base: Anatomical study and clinical considerations","volume":"19","author":"Cavallo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_869_2024\/ref-6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2016.09.022","article-title":"Endoscopic transnasal removal of cavernous hemangiomas of the optic canal","volume":"173","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_869_2024\/ref-7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1263106","article-title":"Transnasal approach to the medial intraconal space: Anatomic study and clinical considerations","volume":"53","author":"Dallan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Minim Invasive Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_869_2024\/ref-8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1220931","article-title":"Endoscopic approaches to the orbit: A cadaveric study","volume":"52","author":"D\u00fcz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Minim Invasive Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_869_2024\/ref-9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1177\/000348941312200407","article-title":"Transnasal approach to the orbital apex and cavernous sinus","volume":"122","author":"Felippu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_869_2024\/ref-10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1964.21.1.0015","article-title":"Pterional approach to the orbits for decompression or tumor removal","volume":"21","author":"Hamby","year":"1964","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_869_2024\/ref-11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1177\/000348940511400605","article-title":"Combined endoscopic transmaxillary-transnasal approach to the pterygoid region, lateral sphenoid sinus, and retrobulbar orbit","volume":"114","author":"Har-El","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_869_2024\/ref-12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anl.2012.03.003","article-title":"Transnasal endoscopic surgery for benign orbital tumors","volume":"40","author":"Haruna","year":"2013","journal-title":"Auris Nasus Larynx"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_869_2024\/ref-13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01418794","article-title":"Extradural and intradural microsurgical approaches to lesions of the optic canal and the superior orbital fissure","volume":"74","author":"Hassler","year":"1985","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_869_2024\/ref-14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1177\/000348949910800208","article-title":"Transnasal endoscopic removal of an orbital cavernoma","volume":"108","author":"Herman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_869_2024\/ref-15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1093\/neurosurgery\/25.CN_suppl_1.556","article-title":"Microsurgical anatomy of the orbital apex and principles of transcranial orbital exploration","volume":"25","author":"Housepian","year":"1978","journal-title":"Clin Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_869_2024\/ref-16","first-page":"587","article-title":"Orbital Tumours","volume":"38","author":"Jackson","year":"1945","journal-title":"Proc R Soc Med"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_869_2024\/ref-17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-198210000-00016","article-title":"The supraorbital approach: technical note","volume":"11","author":"Jane","year":"1982","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_869_2024\/ref-18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1007\/s003810050133","article-title":"Tumors of the orbit. Pitfalls of the surgical approach in 37 children with orbital tumor","volume":"13","author":"Kang","year":"1997","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_869_2024\/ref-19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0709(03)00062-0","article-title":"Endoscopic approach to lesions of the sphenoid sinus, orbital apex, and clivus","volume":"24","author":"Kingdom","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Otolaryngol"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_869_2024\/ref-20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E10","DOI":"10.3171\/FOC-07\/11\/E10","article-title":"Combined transconjunctival-eyebrow approach providing minimally invasive access to all orbital quadrants. Technical note","volume":"23","author":"Koerbel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_869_2024\/ref-21","first-page":"401","article-title":"Middle meningeal origin of the ophthalmic artery","volume":"49","author":"Liu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_869_2024\/ref-22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.4103\/2152-7806.80123","article-title":"Endoscopic endonasal removal of a cavernous hemangioma of the orbital apex","volume":"2","author":"Locatelli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Surg Neurol Int"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_869_2024\/ref-23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1945.02860460001001","article-title":"Transcranial removal of intraorbital tumors","volume":"129","author":"Love","year":"1945","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_869_2024\/ref-24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1093\/neurosurgery\/11.CN_suppl_1.76","article-title":"Orbital tumors in children","volume":"11","author":"MacCarty","year":"1964","journal-title":"Clin Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_869_2024\/ref-25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1984.60.6.1226","article-title":"Surgical approaches to the orbit. Indications and techniques","volume":"60","author":"Maroon","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_869_2024\/ref-26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1604405","article-title":"Compartmental endoscopic surgical anatomy of the inferior intraconal orbital space","volume":"79","author":"Maxfield","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurol Surg B Skull Base"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_869_2024\/ref-27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otohns.2010.07.010","article-title":"Seeing the light: Endoscopic endonasal intraconal orbital tumor surgery","volume":"143","author":"McKinney","year":"2010","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_869_2024\/ref-28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1007\/s001060050002","article-title":"Transnasal surgery of the orbita. Review of current indications and techniques","volume":"48","author":"Michel","year":"2000","journal-title":"HNO"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_869_2024\/ref-29","first-page":"458","article-title":"Posterior nasal septectomy in endoscopic orbital apex surgery","volume":"25","author":"Murchison","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_869_2024\/ref-30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E218","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.23027","article-title":"Transnasal endoscopic surgery for selected orbital cavernous hemangiomas: Our preliminary experience","volume":"35","author":"Muscatello","year":"2013","journal-title":"Head Neck"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_869_2024\/ref-31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-199504000-00018","article-title":"Microsurgical anatomy of the superior orbital fissure","volume":"36","author":"Natori","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_869_2024\/ref-32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1994.81.1.0078","article-title":"Transcranial approach to the orbit: Microsurgical anatomy","volume":"81","author":"Natori","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_869_2024\/ref-33","first-page":"22","article-title":"Decompression of the optic canal by the transethmoidal route and decompression of the superior orbital fissure","volume":"5","author":"Niho","year":"1970","journal-title":"Can J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_869_2024\/ref-34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0000000000001204","article-title":"Relationship of the optic nerve to the medial rectus muscle during endonasal dissection of the medial intraconal orbital apex","volume":"13","author":"Petrov","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown)"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_869_2024\/ref-35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/s13244-015-0443-8","article-title":"Orbital tumours and tumour-like lesions: Exploring the armamentarium of multiparametric imaging","volume":"7","author":"Purohit","year":"2016","journal-title":"Insights Imaging"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_869_2024\/ref-36","first-page":"311","article-title":"The orbit and Sellar region: Microsurgical anatomy and operative approaches","author":"Rhoton","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_869_2024\/ref-37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2152656719899922","DOI":"10.1177\/2152656719899922","article-title":"Management of orbital masses: Outcomes of endoscopic and combined approaches with no orbital reconstruction","volume":"11","author":"Rimmer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Allergy Rhinol (Providence)"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_869_2024\/ref-38","article-title":"Eyelid, conjunctival, and orbital tumors: An atlas and textbook","author":"Shields","year":"2015","edition":"3rd ed"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_869_2024\/ref-39","first-page":"16","article-title":"An insight into endoscopic transethmoidal resection of intraorbital tumors","volume":"28","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed Res"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_869_2024\/ref-40","first-page":"360","article-title":"Orbital surgery by transnasal endoscopic ethmoidal-lamina papyracea approach","volume":"37","author":"Xu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Zhonghua Er Bi Yan Hou Ke Za Zhi"}],"container-title":["Surgical Neurology International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/surgicalneurologyint.com\/anatomy-of-the-medial-wall-of-the-orbit-undergoing-an-endoscopic-endonasal-approach-an-inferomedial-and-superomedial-approach\/","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/surgicalneurologyint.com\/surgicalint-articles\/anatomy-of-the-medial-wall-of-the-orbit-undergoing-an-endoscopic-endonasal-approach-an-inferomedial-and-superomedial-approach\/","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,10]],"date-time":"2025-01-10T09:40:42Z","timestamp":1736502042000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/surgicalneurologyint.com\/surgicalint-articles\/anatomy-of-the-medial-wall-of-the-orbit-undergoing-an-endoscopic-endonasal-approach-an-inferomedial-and-superomedial-approach\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,10]]},"references-count":40,"alternative-id":["10.25259\/SNI_869_2024"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25259\/sni_869_2024","relation":{},"ISSN":["2152-7806","2229-5097"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2152-7806","type":"electronic"},{"value":"2229-5097","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,10]]},"article-number":"13"}}