{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T12:50:11Z","timestamp":1776948611611,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Scientific Scholar","content-domain":{"domain":["surgicalneurologyint.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"st1\">\n<jats:title>Background: <\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The Aztec civilization has been one of the most powerful and organized cultures in the pre-Columbian era in America. Its fall was due to many factors, including the incursion of Spanish colonization and its violent transculturation, associated with the strong influence of its theological traditions and beliefs, which generated a new configuration in its social structure.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"st2\">\n<jats:title>Methods: <\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Through a qualitative analysis and a systematic review based on the keywords Montezuma and TBI (Traumatic Brain Injury), we found 70 texts of interest, of which 32 were selected for their anthropological and medical content and their relationship with the history of neurosurgery.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"st3\">\n<jats:title>Results: <\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The traumatic brain injury (TBI) controversy and its consequences on this leader\u2019s decision-making capacity and personal and social repercussions is evident. There are basically two versions of the story. That of the TBI was caused by his own people, and the other is the death due to injuries caused by the Spaniards. Historical texts that confirm these findings are presented.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"st4\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion: <\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>There is documentary evidence of TBI in the Aztec emperor, which partly explains his decision making behavior in the face of the invading Europeans. However, there is no forensic evidence to determine the causes of his death,<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.25259\/sni_906_2021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,25]],"date-time":"2021-10-25T08:05:43Z","timestamp":1635149143000},"page":"536","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25259\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Traumatic brain injury and the fall of the Aztec empire: 500 years of head injury diagnosis"],"prefix":"10.25259","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Ramos-Z\u00fa\u00f1iga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Translational Neurosciences, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara,"},{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico,"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jorge Alberto","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Rios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico,"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Martin-Monz\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lab. Psychobiology, University of Sevilla, Sevilla, Andaluc\u00eda, Spain."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"10894","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_906_2021\/ref-1","first-page":"101","article-title":"Prison and death of Motecuhzoma, according to the story of the Mesoamerican codices","volume":"26","author":"Batalla-Rosado","year":"1996","journal-title":"Rev Esp Antropol Am"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_906_2021\/ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.11.165","article-title":"Neurological functional surgery in Mexico: From pre-columbian cranial surgery to functional neurosurgery in the 21st Century","volume":"122","author":"Beltr\u00e1n","year":"2019","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_906_2021\/ref-3","first-page":"153","article-title":"Relaci\u00f3n breve de la conquista de Nueva Espa\u00f1a","volume-title":"La Conquista de 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