{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,6]],"date-time":"2026-09-06T01:45:03Z","timestamp":1788659103338,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Scientific Scholar","content-domain":{"domain":["surgicalneurologyint.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"st1\">\n<jats:title>Background: <\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The German Anatomist Hubert Von Luschka first described the foramina of Luschka (FOL) in 1855 as lateral holes in the fourth ventricle. By his discovery, he refuted previous beliefs about the lateral recess as blind ends of the fourth ventricle, proving the continuity of the ventricular system with the central canal of the spinal cord. In this paper, we question the outline variations of the patent parts of FOL and their consistency, drawing attention to the apparent query of the valvular mechanism of FOL.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"st2\">\n<jats:title>Methods: <\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>We conducted a literature review in PubMed and Google Scholar databases to review the existing literature describing the history, pertinent anatomy, and function of FOL. In addition, we reviewed the original German book written by Luschka.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"st3\">\n<jats:title>Results: <\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>While reading the available articles and original works regarding FOL, we noticed the developmental phases through which FOL was discovered, tracking the process from Aristotle till Luschka\u2019s discovery. We also discussed controversies and opinions about FOL\u2019s existence and function.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"st4\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion: <\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>FOL is halved into two compartments: choroidal and patent. The function of FOL resembles a oneway valve mechanism, and it depends on the patent slit-like part. Luschka had discovered over 20 anatomical structures, including several foramina, confusion in a debate may result from eponyms.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.25259\/sni_931_2022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,4]],"date-time":"2022-11-04T07:04:06Z","timestamp":1667545446000},"page":"512","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25259\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The functional anatomy of the foramina of Luschka revisited"],"prefix":"10.25259","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Samer S.","family":"Hoz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alkawthar M.","family":"Abdulsada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Azerbaijan Medical University, Baku, Azerbaijan,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mustafa","family":"Ismail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Baghdad, College of Medicine, Baghdad, Iraq."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yara","family":"Alfawares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan A.","family":"Forbes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles J.","family":"Prestigiacomo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norberto","family":"Andaluz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10894","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_931_2022\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-017-3234-9","article-title":"Morphometry and microsurgical anatomy of Bochdalek\u2019s flower basket and the related structures of the cerebellopontine angle","volume":"159","author":"Barany","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_931_2022\/ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.01.037","article-title":"Primary obstruction of the foramen of Luschka: Anatomy, histology, and clinical significance","volume":"112","author":"Barany","year":"2018","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_931_2022\/ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1159\/000362095","article-title":"The quest for Luschka\u2019s duct: An eponym leading a life of its own?","volume":"31","author":"Boonstra","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dig Surg"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_931_2022\/ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-811783-5.00005-7","article-title":"Ventricular anatomy","volume-title":"Comprehensive Overview of Modern Surgical Approaches to Intrinsic Brain Tumors. Ch. 5","author":"De MeloMussi","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_931_2022\/ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.15446\/revfacmed.v65n3.57884","article-title":"A historical approach to the ventricular system of the brain","volume":"65","author":"Duque-Parra","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev Fac Med"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_931_2022\/ref-6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1590\/S1980-5764-2016DN1003015","article-title":"Magendie and Luschka: Holes in the 4th ventricle","volume":"10","author":"Engelhardt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dement Neuropsychol"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_931_2022\/ref-7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000053146.83780.74","article-title":"Subtonsillar approach to the foramen of Luschka: An anatomic and clinical study","volume":"52","author":"Jean","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_931_2022\/ref-8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-017-3480-4","article-title":"A comprehensive review of the foramina of Luschka: History, anatomy, embryology, and surgery","volume":"33","author":"Johal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_931_2022\/ref-9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2003.98.4.0897","article-title":"Hydrocephalus due to idiopathic stenosis of the foramina of Magendie and Luschka: Report of three cases","volume":"98","author":"Karachi","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_931_2022\/ref-10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/S0030-6657(09)70150-7","article-title":"Anatomic logic of the foramen Luschka in neurootologic surgery","volume":"63","author":"Koval","year":"2009","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Pol"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_931_2022\/ref-11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1995.82.6.0933","article-title":"Microsurgical anatomy around the foramen of Luschka in relation to intraoperative recording of auditory evoked potentials from the cochlear nuclei","volume":"82","author":"Kuroki","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_931_2022\/ref-12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2012.05.051","article-title":"An endoscopic, cadaveric analysis of the roof of the fourth ventricle","volume":"20","author":"Salma","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_931_2022\/ref-13","first-page":"194","article-title":"The choroid plexus of the fourth ventricle and its arteries","volume":"64","author":"Sharifi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Folia Morphol (Warsz)"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_931_2022\/ref-14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276-009-0464-4","article-title":"Microsurgical anatomy of the foramen of Luschka in the cerebellopontine angle, and its vascular supply","volume":"31","author":"Sharifi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Surg Radiol Anat"},{"key":"10.25259\/SNI_931_2022\/ref-15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.3171\/2010.8.JNS10683","article-title":"Hubert von Luschka (1820-1875): His life, discoveries, and contributions to our understanding of the nervous system: Historical vignette","volume":"114","author":"Tubbs","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"}],"container-title":["Surgical Neurology International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/surgicalneurologyint.com\/the-functional-anatomy-of-the-foramina-of-luschka-revisited\/","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/surgicalneurologyint.com\/surgicalint-articles\/the-functional-anatomy-of-the-foramina-of-luschka-revisited\/","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,4]],"date-time":"2022-11-04T07:04:26Z","timestamp":1667545466000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/surgicalneurologyint.com\/surgicalint-articles\/the-functional-anatomy-of-the-foramina-of-luschka-revisited\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,4]]},"references-count":15,"alternative-id":["10.25259\/SNI_931_2022"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25259\/sni_931_2022","relation":{},"ISSN":["2152-7806"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2152-7806","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,4]]},"article-number":"512"}}