{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T11:55:00Z","timestamp":1784548500834,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MIS Quarterly","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>News\u2014real or fake\u2014is now abundant on social media. News posts on social media focus users\u2019 attention on the headlines, but does it matter who wrote the article? We investigate whether changing the presentation format to highlight the source of the article affects its believability and how social media users choose to engage with it. We conducted two experiments and found that nudging users to think about who wrote the article influenced the extent to which they believed it. The presentation format of highlighting the source had a main effect; it made users more skeptical of all articles, regardless of the source\u2019s credibility. For unknown sources, low source ratings had a direct effect on believability. Believability, in turn, influenced the extent to which users would engage with the article (e.g., read, like, comment, and share). We also found confirmation bias to be rampant: users were more likely to believe articles that aligned with their beliefs, over and above the effects of other factors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.25300\/misq\/2019\/15188","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,10]],"date-time":"2019-09-10T11:32:07Z","timestamp":1568115127000},"page":"1025-1039","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":320,"title":["<i>Says Who?<\/i> The Effects of Presentation Format and Source Rating on Fake News in Social Media1"],"prefix":"10.25300","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Antino","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Kelley School of Business, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405 U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan R.","family":"Dennis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kelley School of Business, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405 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Confusion,\u201d Pew Research Center, Washington, DC (https:\/\/www.journalism.org\/2016\/12\/15\/many-americans-believe-fake-news-is-sowing-confusion\/)."},{"issue":"1","key":"2025082212195521100_b4-15_15188_rn_kimdennis","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1145\/3018809","article-title":"Information and Misinformation on the Internet","volume":"60","author":"Cerf","year":"2016","journal-title":"Communications of the ACM"},{"issue":"1\/2","key":"2025082212195521100_b5-15_15188_rn_kimdennis","first-page":"109","article-title":"Folklore, Politics, and Fake News in the Reception of Rogue One","volume":"15","author":"Deutsch","year":"2018","journal-title":"New Directions in Folklore"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025082212195521100_b6-15_15188_rn_kimdennis","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.58.6.952","article-title":"Diagnostic and Confirmation Strategies in Trait Hypothesis 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businessinsider.com\/most-and-least-trusted-news-outlets-inamerica-2017-3)."},{"key":"2025082212195521100_b10-15_15188_rn_kimdennis","first-page":"173","article-title":"Anti-Vax Truthiness: How Social Media Echo Chambers Reinforce Anti-Vax Beliefs in Parents","volume-title":"Social Media: Practices, Uses and Global Impact","author":"English","year":"2017"},{"key":"2025082212195521100_b11-15_15188_rn_kimdennis","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1515\/9781503620766","volume-title":"A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance","author":"Festinger","year":"1957"},{"key":"2025082212195521100_b12-15_15188_rn_kimdennis","article-title":"Pizzagate: From Rumor, to Hashtag, to Gunfire in D.C","author":"Fisher","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Washington Post"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025082212195521100_b13-15_15188_rn_kimdennis","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1145\/2964791.2901462","article-title":"Social Clicks: What and Who Gets Read on 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Other","volume":"43","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Public Relations Review"},{"key":"2025082212195521100_b27-15_15188_rn_kimdennis","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-7421(08)60315-1","article-title":"Varieties of Confirmation Bias","volume":"32","author":"Klayman","year":"1995","journal-title":"Psychology of Learning and Motivation"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025082212195521100_b28-15_15188_rn_kimdennis","first-page":"107","article-title":"Reasons for Confidence","volume":"6","author":"Koriat","year":"1980","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory"},{"key":"2025082212195521100_b29-15_15188_rn_kimdennis","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2015.08.002","article-title":"What Makes Us Click \u2018Like\u2019 on Facebook? Examining Psychological, Technological, and Motivational Factors on Virtual Endorsement","volume":"73","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Computer Communications"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025082212195521100_b30-15_15188_rn_kimdennis","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1080\/1461670X.2015.1052537","article-title":"The Emergence and Development of News Fact-Checking Sites: Institutional Logics and Population Ecology","volume":"18","author":"Lowrey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journalism Studies"},{"key":"2025082212195521100_b31-15_15188_rn_kimdennis","unstructured":"Lu, J.\n          \u20082014. \u201cWhat Is \u2018Click Bait\u2019 and Why Facebook Wants to Display Less of It,\u201d The Washington Post, August 26, (https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/news\/technology\/wp\/2014\/08\/26\/what-is-click-bait-and-why-facebook-wants-to-display-lessof-it)."},{"issue":"3","key":"2025082212195521100_b32-15_15188_rn_kimdennis","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1086\/209217","article-title":"Who Is the Celebrity Endorser? 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A Survey of Facebook User Emotional Responses, Source Credibility, Personal Relevance, and Perceived Intrusiveness","volume":"37","author":"Morris","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Current Issues & Research in Advertising"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025082212195521100_b38-15_15188_rn_kimdennis","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.2501\/IJA-30-1-013-046","article-title":"Introducing Cobras: Exploring Motivations for Brand-Related Social Media Use","volume":"30","author":"Muntinga","year":"2011","journal-title":"International Journal of Advertising"},{"key":"2025082212195521100_b39-15_15188_rn_kimdennis","unstructured":"Murtha, J.\n          \u20082016. \u201cHow Fake News Sites Frequently Trick Big-Time Journalists.\u201d Columbia Journalism Review, May 26 (https:\/\/www.cjr.org\/analysis\/how_fake_news_sites_frequently_trick_big-time_journalists.php)."},{"key":"2025082212195521100_b40-15_15188_rn_kimdennis","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315716299-4","article-title":"Where There Is Social Media There Is Politics","volume-title":"The Routledge Companion to Social Media and Politics","author":"Nahon","year":"2015"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025082212195521100_b41-15_15188_rn_kimdennis","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1037\/1089-2680.2.2.175","article-title":"Confirmation Bias: A Ubiquitous Phenomenon in Many Guises","volume":"2","author":"Nickerson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Review of General Psychology"},{"key":"2025082212195521100_b42-15_15188_rn_kimdennis","unstructured":"ReviewMeta\n          . 2016. \u201cAnalysis of 7 Million Amazon Reviews: Customers Who Receive Free or Discounted Item Much More Likely to Write Positive Review,\u201d ReviewMeta, June\u200829 (https:\/\/reviewmeta.com\/blog\/analysis-of-7-million-amazon-reviews-customers-who-receive-free-or-discounted-item-muchmore-likely-to-write-positive-review\/)."},{"issue":"7","key":"2025082212195521100_b43-15_15188_rn_kimdennis","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1145\/3213765","article-title":"Digital Nudging\u2013Influencing Choices by Using Interface Design","volume":"61","author":"Schneider","year":"2017","journal-title":"Communications of the ACM"},{"key":"2025082212195521100_b44-15_15188_rn_kimdennis","unstructured":"Shane, S.\n          \u20082017. \u201cThe Fake Americans Russia Created to Influence the Election.\u201d The New York Times, Politics Section, September\u20087 (https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2017\/09\/07\/us\/politics\/russiafacebook-twitter-election.html)."},{"issue":"4","key":"2025082212195521100_b45-15_15188_rn_kimdennis","first-page":"493","article-title":"Rational Decision Making in Business Organizations","volume":"69","author":"Simon","year":"1979","journal-title":"The American Economic Review"},{"key":"2025082212195521100_b46-15_15188_rn_kimdennis","unstructured":"Statista\n          . 2018. \u201cNumber of Monthly Active Facebook Users Worldwide as of 2nd Quarter 2018 (in Millions)\u201d (https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/264810\/number-of-monthlyactive-facebook-users-worldwide\/)"},{"key":"2025082212195521100_b47-15_15188_rn_kimdennis","unstructured":"Subramanian, S.\n          \u20082017. \u201cInside the Macedonian Fake-News Complex,\u201d Wired Magazine, February\u200815 (https:\/\/www.wired.com\/2017\/02\/veles-macedonia-fake-news\/)."},{"issue":"4","key":"2025082212195521100_b48-15_15188_rn_kimdennis","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.25300\/MISQ\/2013\/37.4.02","article-title":"A Longitudinal Study of Herd Behavior in the Adoption and Continued Use of Technology","volume":"37","author":"Sun","year":"2013","journal-title":"MIS Quarterly"},{"key":"2025082212195521100_b49-15_15188_rn_kimdennis","unstructured":"Sydell, L.\n          \u20082016. \u201cWe Tracked Down a Fake-News Creator in the Suburbs. 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