{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T14:51:14Z","timestamp":1781016674308,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":109,"publisher":"MIS Quarterly","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Organizations use IT to navigate uncertain, rapidly changing, and competitive environments. To achieve this, understanding the implications of the interplay among firm strategy, information technology (IT), and IT governance is critical to understanding firm success. In this work, we investigate the synergistic effects of business\u2013IT strategic alignment (hereafter \u201calignment\u201d), misalignment, and effectiveness of IT governance on firm performance among organizations with proactive\/first-mover strategic orientations (hereafter \u201cproactive organizations\u201d). Using data from 87 organizations, we tested a moderated polynomial model that predicts alignment and misalignment\u2019s effect on firm performance. The results indicated that effective IT governance in proactive organizations positively moderated the curvilinear relationship between alignment, misalignment, and firm performance. This paper contributes to research by offering a curvilinear and three-dimensional representation of the relationship between alignment, misalignment, and firm performance and by illustrating the moderating facets of IT governance. Moreover, for practice, it sheds light on the effects of misalignment, suggesting that proactive organizations with more effective IT governance are not likely to struggle with mild misalignment but may suffer more deleterious effects from severe misalignment. Our research sheds light on the conditions under which IT governance and alignment influence firm performance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.25300\/misq\/2020\/12165","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,14]],"date-time":"2021-01-14T15:29:12Z","timestamp":1610638152000},"page":"1679-1704","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["The Effects of Business\u2013IT Strategic Alignment and IT Governance on Firm Performance: A Moderated Polynomial Regression Analysis"],"prefix":"10.25300","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Dorothy C. K.","family":"Chau","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Finance and Decision Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Shaw Campus, 34 Renfrew Road, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric W. T.","family":"Ngai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Management and Marketing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer E.","family":"Gerow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics & Business, Virginia Military Institute, 345 Scott Shipp Hall, Lexington, VA 24450 U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason Bennett","family":"Thatcher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fox School of Business, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122 U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10933","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025082212214966600_b1-07_12165_ra_chau","volume-title":"Multiple Regression: Testing and Interpreting Interactions","author":"Aiken","year":"1991"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025082212214966600_b2-07_12165_ra_chau","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1287\/isre.10.4.304","article-title":"Information Technology Assimilation in Firms: The Influence of Senior Leadership and IT Infrastructures","volume":"10","author":"Armstrong","year":"1999","journal-title":"Information Systems Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025082212214966600_b3-07_12165_ra_chau","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1177\/002224377701400320","article-title":"Estimating Nonresponse Bias in Mail Surveys","volume":"14","author":"Armstrong","year":"1977","journal-title":"Journal of Marketing Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025082212214966600_b4-07_12165_ra_chau","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.2307\/256331","article-title":"Age and Work Performance in Nonmanagerial Jobs: The Effects of Experience and Occupational Type","volume":"33","author":"Avolio","year":"1990","journal-title":"Academy of Management Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025082212214966600_b5-07_12165_ra_chau","first-page":"24","article-title":"Evolving IT Governance Practices for Aligning IT with Business: A Case Study in an Australian Institution of Higher Education","volume":"4","author":"Bhattacharjya","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Information Science and Technology"},{"key":"2025082212214966600_b6-07_12165_ra_chau","first-page":"257","article-title":"Regression Diagnostics: An Expository Treatment of Outliers and Influential Cases","volume-title":"Modern Methods of Data Analysis","author":"Bollen","year":"1990"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025082212214966600_b7-07_12165_ra_chau","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpe.2008.01.010","article-title":"Reducing Supply Chain Environmental Uncertainty through E-Intermediation: An Organisation Theory Perspective","volume":"114","author":"Boyle","year":"2008","journal-title":"International Journal of Production Economics"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025082212214966600_b8-07_12165_ra_chau","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1287\/isre.1110.0357","article-title":"Expectation Confirmation in Technology Use","volume":"23","author":"Brown","year":"2012","journal-title":"Information Systems Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025082212214966600_b9-07_12165_ra_chau","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.25300\/MISQ\/2014\/38.3.05","article-title":"Expectation Confirmation in Information Systems Research: A Test of Six Competing Models","volume":"38","author":"Brown","year":"2014","journal-title":"MIS Quarterly"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025082212214966600_b10-07_12165_ra_chau","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.obhdp.2006.09.008","article-title":"Expectation Confirmation: An Examination of Three Competing Model","volume":"105","author":"Brown","year":"2008","journal-title":"Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025082212214966600_b11-07_12165_ra_chau","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1111\/deci.12325","article-title":"Shared Leadership Regulates Operational Team Performance in the Presence of Extreme Decisional Consensus\/Conflict: Evidences from Business Process Reengineering","volume":"50","author":"Bruccoleri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Decision Sciences"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025082212214966600_b12-07_12165_ra_chau","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.im.2005.07.002","article-title":"The Leveraging Influence of Strategic Alignment on IT Investment: An Empirical Examination","volume":"43","author":"Byrd","year":"2006","journal-title":"Information & Management"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025082212214966600_b13-07_12165_ra_chau","first-page":"19","article-title":"The Emerging CIO Role of Business Technology Strategist","volume":"10","author":"Carter","year":"2011","journal-title":"MIS Quarterly Executive"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025082212214966600_b14-07_12165_ra_chau","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1287\/isre.8.2.125","article-title":"Business Strategic Orientation, Information Systems Strategic Orientation, and Strategic Alignment","volume":"8","author":"Chan","year":"1997","journal-title":"Information Systems Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025082212214966600_b15-07_12165_ra_chau","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1109\/TEM.2005.861804","article-title":"Antecedents and Outcomes of Strategic Is Alignment: An Empirical Investigation","volume":"53","author":"Chan","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025082212214966600_b16-07_12165_ra_chau","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.2753\/MIS0742-1222270110","article-title":"Antecedents and Effects of Cio Supply-Side and Demand-Side Leadership: A Staged Maturity Model","volume":"27","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Management Information Systems"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025082212214966600_b17-07_12165_ra_chau","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1177\/1094428107310091","article-title":"A Multiple-Perspective Approach to Data Analysis in Congruence Research","volume":"12","author":"Cheung","year":"2007","journal-title":"Organizational Research Methods"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025082212214966600_b18-07_12165_ra_chau","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-7206(02)00008-3","article-title":"The Effect of Environmental Uncertainty and Strategic Applications of IS on a Firm\u2019s Performance","volume":"40","author":"Choe","year":"2003","journal-title":"Information & Management"},{"key":"2025082212214966600_b19-07_12165_ra_chau","volume-title":"Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences","author":"Cohen","year":"1988","edition":"2nd"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025082212214966600_b20-07_12165_ra_chau","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1057\/jit.2010.39","article-title":"Customer Relationship Management and Firm Performance","volume":"26","author":"Coltman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Information Technology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025082212214966600_b21-07_12165_ra_chau","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/S0963-8687(02)00007-0","article-title":"IT Alignment and Firm Performance in Small Manufacturing Firms","volume":"11","author":"Cragg","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Strategic Information Systems"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025082212214966600_b22-07_12165_ra_chau","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.im.2008.05.005","article-title":"Inferring Comprehensible Business\/ICT Alignment Rules","volume":"46","author":"Cumps","year":"2009","journal-title":"Information & Management"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025082212214966600_b23-07_12165_ra_chau","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1037\/a0038542","article-title":"Work\u2013Family Conflict and Self-Discrepant Time Allocation at Work","volume":"100","author":"Dahm","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Psychology"},{"issue":"Article 24","key":"2025082212214966600_b24-07_12165_ra_chau","first-page":"443","article-title":"An Exploratory Study into the Design of an IT Governance Minimum Baseline through Delphi Research","volume":"22","author":"De Haes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Communications of the Association for Information Systems"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025082212214966600_b25-07_12165_ra_chau","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1080\/10580530902794786","article-title":"An Exploratory Study into IT Governance Implementations and Its Impact on Business\/IT Alignment","volume":"26","author":"De Haes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Information Systems Management"},{"key":"2025082212214966600_b26-07_12165_ra_chau","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/HICSS.1999.772854","article-title":"Technology Strategies in Complex Environment","author":"Dietrich","year":"1999"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025082212214966600_b27-07_12165_ra_chau","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1006\/obhd.1994.1029","article-title":"The Study of Congruence in Organizational Behavior Research: Critique and a Proposed Alternative","volume":"58","author":"Edwards","year":"1994","journal-title":"Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025082212214966600_b28-07_12165_ra_chau","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.2307\/256782","article-title":"An Examination of Competing Versions of the Person\u2013Environment Fit Approach to Stress","volume":"39","author":"Edwards","year":"1996","journal-title":"Academy of Management Journal"},{"key":"2025082212214966600_b29-07_12165_ra_chau","first-page":"350","article-title":"Alternatives to Difference Scores: Polynomial Regression Analysis and Response Surface Methodology","volume-title":"Advances in Measurement and Data Analysis","author":"Edwards","year":"2002"},{"key":"2025082212214966600_b30-07_12165_ra_chau","first-page":"361","article-title":"Polynomial Regression and Response Surface Methodology","volume-title":"Perspectives on Organizational Fit","author":"Edwards","year":"2007"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025082212214966600_b31-07_12165_ra_chau","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.78.4.628","article-title":"Job Demands and Worker Health: Three-Dimensional Reexamination of the Relationship Between Person\u2013Environment Fit and Strain","volume":"78","author":"Edwards","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Psychology"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025082212214966600_b32-07_12165_ra_chau","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.2307\/256822","article-title":"On the Use of Polynomial Regression Equations as an Alternative to Difference Scores in Organizational Research","volume":"36","author":"Edwards","year":"1993","journal-title":"Academy of Management Journal"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025082212214966600_b33-07_12165_ra_chau","first-page":"203","article-title":"Organizational Design: An Information Processing View","volume":"4","author":"Galbraith","year":"1974","journal-title":"Interfaces"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025082212214966600_b34-07_12165_ra_chau","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1287\/isre.1110.0395","article-title":"The Boundaries of Trust and Risk: The Quadratic Moderating Role of Institutional Structures","volume":"23","author":"Gefen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Information Systems Research"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025082212214966600_b35-07_12165_ra_chau","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.im.2015.12.006","article-title":"Alignment\u2019s Nomological Network: Theory and Evaluation","volume":"53","author":"Gerow","year":"2016","journal-title":"Information & Management"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025082212214966600_b36-07_12165_ra_chau","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.25300\/MISQ\/2014\/38.4.10","article-title":"Looking toward the Future of IT-Business Strategic Alignment through the Past: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"38","author":"Gerow","year":"2014","journal-title":"MIS Quarterly"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025082212214966600_b37-07_12165_ra_chau","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1057\/ejis.2014.6","article-title":"Six Types of IT\u2013Business Strategic Alignment: An Investigation of the Constructs and Their Measurement","volume":"24","author":"Gerow","year":"2015","journal-title":"European Journal of Information Systems"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025082212214966600_b38-07_12165_ra_chau","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1037\/apl0000265","article-title":"Supervisor\u2013 Employee Power Distance Incompatibility, Gender Similarity, and Relationship Conflict: A Test of Interpersonal Interaction Theory","volume":"103","author":"Graham","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Psychology"},{"issue":"12","key":"2025082212214966600_b39-07_12165_ra_chau","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1145\/1323688.1323699","article-title":"Fix IT\u2013Business Relationships through Better Decision Rights","volume":"50","author":"Grover","year":"2007","journal-title":"Communications of the Association for Computing Machinery"},{"key":"2025082212214966600_b40-07_12165_ra_chau","first-page":"1","article-title":"Approaching Strategic Misalignment from Organizational View of Business Processes","author":"Heath","year":"2011"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025082212214966600_b41-07_12165_ra_chau","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.2307\/1912352","article-title":"Sample Selection Bias as a Specification Error","volume":"47","author":"Heckman","year":"1979","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025082212214966600_b42-07_12165_ra_chau","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jom.2009.09.005","article-title":"The Impact of Information Technology Use on Plant Structure, Practices, and Performance: An Exploratory Study","volume":"28","author":"Heim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Operations Management"},{"key":"2025082212214966600_b43-07_12165_ra_chau","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195065046.003.0007","article-title":"Strategic Alignment: A Model for Organizational Transformation through Information Technology","volume-title":"Transforming Organizations","author":"Henderson","year":"1992"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025082212214966600_b44-07_12165_ra_chau","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.2307\/249475","article-title":"Productivity, Business Profitability, and Consumer Surplus: Three Different Measures of Information Technology Value","volume":"20","author":"Hitt","year":"1996","journal-title":"MIS Quarterly"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025082212214966600_b45-07_12165_ra_chau","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.4018\/jgim.2009040103","article-title":"The Contingent Role of Innovation Between IT Management Sophistication and Strategic Alignment","volume":"17","author":"Huang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Global Information Management"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025082212214966600_b46-07_12165_ra_chau","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.17705\/2msqe.00008","article-title":"The 2018 SIM IT Issues and Trends Study","volume":"18","author":"Kappelman","year":"2019","journal-title":"MIS Quarterly Executive"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025082212214966600_b47-07_12165_ra_chau","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.2753\/MIS0742-1222300101","article-title":"The Effect of Social Capital of the Relationship Between the CIO and Top Management Team on Firm Performance","volume":"30","author":"Karahanna","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Management Information Systems"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025082212214966600_b48-07_12165_ra_chau","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/1540-5915.02289","article-title":"A Resource-Based View of Strategic IT Alignment: How Knowledge Sharing Creates Competitive Advantage","volume":"34","author":"Kearns","year":"2003","journal-title":"Decision Sciences"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025082212214966600_b49-07_12165_ra_chau","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1108\/00251740910946741","article-title":"The Influence of Partner\u2019s Trust\u2013Commitment Relationship on Electronic Commerce Strategic Planning","volume":"47","author":"Lai","year":"2009","journal-title":"Management Decision"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025082212214966600_b50-07_12165_ra_chau","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.5465\/amj.2014.0503","article-title":"Does Proactive Personality Matter in Leadership Transitions? Effects of Proactive Personality on New Leader Identification and Responses to New Leaders and Their Change Agendas","volume":"61","author":"Lam","year":"2018","journal-title":"Academy of Management Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025082212214966600_b51-07_12165_ra_chau","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1287\/isre.2015.0611","article-title":"Using Expectation Disconfirmation Theory and Polynomial Modeling to Understand Trust in Technology","volume":"27","author":"Lankton","year":"2016","journal-title":"Information Systems Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025082212214966600_b52-07_12165_ra_chau","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1287\/isre.2017.0711","article-title":"Unraveling the Alignment Paradox: How Does Business\u2014IT Alignment Shape Organizational Agility?","volume":"28","author":"Liang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Information Systems Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025082212214966600_b53-07_12165_ra_chau","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1037\/apl0000371","article-title":"Give and Take: An Episodic Perspective on Leader-Member Exchange","volume":"104","author":"Liao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025082212214966600_b54-07_12165_ra_chau","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.86.1.114","article-title":"Accounting for Common Method Variance in Cross-Sectional Research Designs","volume":"86","author":"Lindell","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025082212214966600_b55-07_12165_ra_chau","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1080\/14697010701531657","article-title":"Using Power to Install Strategy: The Relationships Between Expert Power, Position Power, Influence Tactics and Implementation Success","volume":"7","author":"Lines","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Change Management"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025082212214966600_b56-07_12165_ra_chau","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.2307\/41409967","article-title":"Understanding the Link Between Information Technology Capability and Organizational Agility: An Empirical Examination","volume":"35","author":"Lu","year":"2011","journal-title":"MIS Quarterly"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025082212214966600_b57-07_12165_ra_chau","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1057\/jit.2015.23","article-title":"Enhancing the Measurement of Information Technology (IT) Business Alignment and Its Influence on Company Performance","volume":"32","author":"Luftman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Information Technology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025082212214966600_b58-07_12165_ra_chau","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.2307\/249083","article-title":"Making Operational Long-Range Planning for Information Systems","volume":"3","author":"Lyles","year":"1979","journal-title":"MIS Quarterly"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025082212214966600_b59-07_12165_ra_chau","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.2307\/41409966","article-title":"A Multilevel Model for Measuring Fit Between a Firm\u2019s Competitive Strategies and Information Systems Capabilities","volume":"35","author":"McLaren","year":"2011","journal-title":"MIS Quarterly"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025082212214966600_b60-07_12165_ra_chau","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.2753\/MIS0742-1222300106","article-title":"The Impact of Influence Tactics in Information System Development Projects: A Control\u2013Loss Perspective","volume":"30","author":"Narayanaswamy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Management Information Systems"},{"key":"2025082212214966600_b61-07_12165_ra_chau","volume-title":"Psychometric Theory","author":"Nunnally","year":"1978","edition":"2nd"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025082212214966600_b62-07_12165_ra_chau","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.2307\/25148790","article-title":"On the Assessment of the Strategic Value of Information Technologies: Conceptual and Analytical Approaches","volume":"31","author":"Oh","year":"2007","journal-title":"MIS Quarterly"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025082212214966600_b63-07_12165_ra_chau","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/s10997-012-9219-4","article-title":"The Impact of Organisational Alignment on the Effectiveness of Firms\u2019 Sustainability Strategic Performance Measurement Systems: An Empirical Analysis","volume":"17","author":"Parisi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Management & Governance"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"2025082212214966600_b64-07_12165_ra_chau","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jom.2010.07.007","article-title":"Role of Manufacturing Flexibility in Managing Duality of Formalization and Environmental Uncertainty in Emerging Firms","volume":"29","author":"Patel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Operations Management"},{"key":"2025082212214966600_b65-07_12165_ra_chau","article-title":"How CIOs Use Flexibility to Manage Uncertainty in Dynamic Business Environments","author":"Patten","year":"2009"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025082212214966600_b66-07_12165_ra_chau","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dss.2009.12.007","article-title":"Input Information Complexity, Perceived Time Pressure, and Information Processing in GSS-Based Work Groups: An Experimental Investigation Using a Decision Schema to Alleviate Information Overload Conditions","volume":"49","author":"Paul","year":"2010","journal-title":"Decision Support Systems"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025082212214966600_b67-07_12165_ra_chau","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1201\/1078\/44705.21.4.20040901\/84183.2","article-title":"Crafting Information Technology Governance","volume":"21","author":"Peterson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Information Systems Management"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025082212214966600_b68-07_12165_ra_chau","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.2307\/25148814","article-title":"Specifying Formative Constructs in Information Systems Research","volume":"31","author":"Petter","year":"2007","journal-title":"MIS Quarterly"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025082212214966600_b69-07_12165_ra_chau","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.88.5.879","article-title":"Common Method Biases in Behavioral Research: A Critical Review of the Literature and Recommended Remedies","volume":"88","author":"Podsakoff","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025082212214966600_b70-07_12165_ra_chau","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.accinf.2012.06.005","article-title":"On IT Governance Structures and Their Effectiveness in Collaborative Organizational Structures","volume":"13","author":"Prasad","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Journal of Accounting Information Systems"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025082212214966600_b71-07_12165_ra_chau","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.accinf.2010.07.013","article-title":"A Capabilities-Based Approach to Obtaining a Deeper Understanding of Information Technology Governance Effectiveness: Evidence from IT Steering Committees","volume":"11","author":"Prasad","year":"2010","journal-title":"International Journal of Accounting Information Systems"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025082212214966600_b72-07_12165_ra_chau","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-5915.2008.00206.x","article-title":"Examining the Antecedents and Consequences of CIO Strategic Decision-Making Authority: An Empirical Study","volume":"39","author":"Preston","year":"2008","journal-title":"Decision Sciences"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025082212214966600_b73-07_12165_ra_chau","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1287\/isre.1070.0159","article-title":"Antecedents of IS Strategic Alignment: A Nomological Network","volume":"20","author":"Preston","year":"2009","journal-title":"Information Systems Research"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025082212214966600_b74-07_12165_ra_chau","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1080\/02642060903576050","article-title":"Strategic Alignment and Performance: Brazilian Companies in the Medical Diagnostics Sector","volume":"31","author":"Prieto","year":"2011","journal-title":"The Services Industries Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025082212214966600_b75-07_12165_ra_chau","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1057\/s41303-016-0024-z","article-title":"Mixed Results in Strategic IT Alignment Research: A Synthesis and Empirical Study","volume":"26","author":"Queiroz","year":"2017","journal-title":"European Journal of Information Systems"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025082212214966600_b76-07_12165_ra_chau","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.25300\/MISQ\/2019\/13626","article-title":"How Does Strategic Alignment Affect Firm Performance? The Roles of Information Technology Investment and Environmental Uncertainty","volume":"43","author":"Sabherwal","year":"2019","journal-title":"MIS Quarterly"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025082212214966600_b77-07_12165_ra_chau","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/S0963-8687(03)00021-0","article-title":"An Extended Platform Logic Perspective of IT Governance: Managing Perception and Activities of IT","volume":"12","author":"Schwarz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Strategic Information Systems"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025082212214966600_b78-07_12165_ra_chau","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.2307\/249393","article-title":"Strategic Information Systems Planning Success: An Investigation of the Construct and its Measurement","volume":"22","author":"Segars","year":"1998","journal-title":"MIS Quarterly"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025082212214966600_b79-07_12165_ra_chau","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1177\/1094428109351241","article-title":"Common Method Bias in Regression Models with Linear, Quadratic, and Interaction Effects","volume":"13","author":"Siemsen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Organizational Research Methods"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025082212214966600_b80-07_12165_ra_chau","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1287\/isre.2018.0798","article-title":"Performance Consequences of Information Technology Investments: Implications of Emphasizing New or Current Information Technologies","volume":"30","author":"Steelman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Information Systems Research"},{"key":"2025082212214966600_b81-07_12165_ra_chau","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.17705\/1CAIS.04020","article-title":"Strategic Alignment in SMEs: Strengthening Theoretical Foundations","volume":"40","author":"Street","year":"2017","journal-title":"Communications of the Association for Information Systems"},{"key":"2025082212214966600_b82-07_12165_ra_chau","volume-title":"Information Resource Management: Opportunities and Strategies for the 1980s","author":"Synnott","year":"1981"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025082212214966600_b83-07_12165_ra_chau","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.im.2018.07.001","article-title":"A Study of IS Assets, IS Ambidexterity, and IS Alignment: The Dynamic Managerial Capability Perspective","volume":"56","author":"Tai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Information & Management"},{"key":"2025082212214966600_b84-07_12165_ra_chau","unstructured":"Tallon, P. P.\n          \u20082003. \u201cThe Alignment Paradox,\u201d CIO Insight (https:\/\/www.cioinsight.com\/c\/a\/Past-News\/Paul-Tallon-TheAlignment-Paradox)."},{"issue":"3","key":"2025082212214966600_b85-07_12165_ra_chau","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.2753\/MIS0742-1222240308","article-title":"A Process-Oriented Perspective on the Alignment of Information Technology and Business Strategy","volume":"24","author":"Tallon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Management Information Systems"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025082212214966600_b86-07_12165_ra_chau","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.2753\/MIS0742-1222280301","article-title":"Value Chain Linkages and the Spillover Effects of Strategic Information Technology Alignment: A Process-Level View","volume":"28","author":"Tallon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Management Information Systems"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025082212214966600_b87-07_12165_ra_chau","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.17705\/1jais.00438","article-title":"Business Process and Information Technology Alignment: Construct Conceptualization, Empirical Illustration, and Directions for Future Research","volume":"17","author":"Tallon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of the Association for Information Systems"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025082212214966600_b88-07_12165_ra_chau","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-5915.2011.00345.x","article-title":"Managing Differentiation\u2013Integration Duality in Supply Chain Integration","volume":"43","author":"Terjesen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Decision Sciences"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025082212214966600_b89-07_12165_ra_chau","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.2753\/MIS0742-1222270203","article-title":"Systems Development Ambidexterity: Explaining the Complementary and Substitutive Roles of Formal and Informal Controls","volume":"27","author":"Tiwana","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Management Information Systems"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025082212214966600_b90-07_12165_ra_chau","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1287\/isre.1080.0206","article-title":"Complementarities Between Organizational IT Architecture and Governance Structure","volume":"21","author":"Tiwana","year":"2010","journal-title":"Information Systems Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025082212214966600_b91-07_12165_ra_chau","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.2307\/20721428","article-title":"Expectation Disconfirmation and Technology Adoption: Polynomial Modeling and Response Surface Analysis","volume":"34","author":"Venkatesh","year":"2010","journal-title":"MIS Quarterly"},{"key":"2025082212214966600_b92-07_12165_ra_chau","unstructured":"Venkatraman, N.\n          \u20081985. \u201cStrategic Orientation of Business Enterprises: The Construct and its Measurement,\u201d Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Pittsburgh."},{"issue":"8","key":"2025082212214966600_b93-07_12165_ra_chau","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.35.8.942","article-title":"Strategic Orientation of Business Enterprises: The Construct, Dimensionality, and Measurement","volume":"35","author":"Venkatraman","year":"1989","journal-title":"Management Science"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025082212214966600_b94-07_12165_ra_chau","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.17705\/1jais.00336","article-title":"The Dynamics of Sustainable Alignment: The Case for IS Adaptivity","volume":"14","author":"Vessey","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of the Association for Information Systems"},{"key":"2025082212214966600_b95-07_12165_ra_chau","first-page":"265","article-title":"Linking Information Technology and Corporate Strategy: An Organizational View","author":"Vitale","year":"1986"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025082212214966600_b96-07_12165_ra_chau","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.5465\/amj.2014.0850","article-title":"Engaged and Productive Misfits: How Job Crafting and Leisure Activity Mitigate the Negative Effects of Value Incongruence","volume":"59","author":"Vogel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Academy of Management Journal"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025082212214966600_b97-07_12165_ra_chau","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-7206(02)00011-3","article-title":"Factors Affecting Information Systems Planning Effectiveness: Organizational Contexts and Planning Systems Dimensions","volume":"40","author":"Wang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Information & Management"},{"key":"2025082212214966600_b98-07_12165_ra_chau","volume-title":"IT Governance: How Top Performers Manage IT Decision Rights for Superior Results","author":"Weill","year":"2004"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025082212214966600_b99-07_12165_ra_chau","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.2308\/jis.2010.24.2.107","article-title":"A Review of IT Governance: A Taxonomy to Inform Accounting Information Systems","volume":"24","author":"Wilkin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Information Systems"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025082212214966600_b100-07_12165_ra_chau","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.2753\/MIS0742-1222300302","article-title":"Horizontal Allocation of Decision Rights for On-Premise Applications and Software-as-a-Service","volume":"30","author":"Winkler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Management Information Systems"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025082212214966600_b101-07_12165_ra_chau","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.25300\/MISQ\/2015\/39.2.10","article-title":"How Information Technology Governance Mechanisms and Strategic Alignment Influence Organizational Performance: Insights from a Matched Survey of Business and IT Managers","volume":"39","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"MIS Quarterly"},{"key":"2025082212214966600_b102-07_12165_ra_chau","first-page":"1486","article-title":"We\u2019ve Got the Power\u2014The Relevance of IT Leadership and Organizational It Capabilities in the Fully Digitized Business Era","author":"Wunderlich","year":"2017"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025082212214966600_b103-07_12165_ra_chau","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1287\/isre.1090.0269","article-title":"Environmental Uncertainty and IT Infrastructure Governance: A Curvilinear Relationships","volume":"22","author":"Xue","year":"2011","journal-title":"Information Systems Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025082212214966600_b104-07_12165_ra_chau","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.4018\/IJISSC.2018100105","article-title":"The Effects of Strategic Typology Model and Strategic Alignment on the Delivery Capability of an IT Organization","volume":"9","author":"Yarbrough","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Journal of Information Systems and Social Change"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025082212214966600_b105-07_12165_ra_chau","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsis.2017.09.001","article-title":"Aligning with New Digital Strategy: A Dynamic Capabilities Approach","volume":"27","author":"Yeow","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Strategic Information Systems"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025082212214966600_b106-07_12165_ra_chau","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1111\/deci.12040","article-title":"Distribution Channel Network and Relational Performance: The Intervening Mechanism of Adaptive Distribution Flexibility","volume":"44","author":"Yu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Decision Sciences"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025082212214966600_b107-07_12165_ra_chau","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1002\/smj.4250140605","article-title":"Business Strategy, Technology Policy and Firm Performance","volume":"14","author":"Zahra","year":"1993","journal-title":"Strategic Management Journal"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025082212214966600_b108-07_12165_ra_chau","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0266(200004)21:4<429::AID-SMJ81>3.0.CO;2-#","article-title":"Modeling the Dynamics of Strategic Fit: A Normative Approach to Strategic Change","volume":"21","author":"Zajac","year":"2000","journal-title":"Strategic Management Journal"},{"key":"2025082212214966600_b109-07_12165_ra_chau","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.24251\/HICSS.2019.749","article-title":"A Co-Evolutionary Perspective on Business and IT Alignment: A Review and Research Agenda","author":"Zhang","year":"2019"}],"container-title":["MIS Quarterly"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/misq.umn.edu\/misq\/article-pdf\/44\/4\/1679\/6596\/07_12165_ra_chau.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/misq.umn.edu\/misq\/article-pdf\/44\/4\/1679\/6596\/07_12165_ra_chau.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]],"date-time":"2025-08-22T16:22:58Z","timestamp":1755879778000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/misq.umn.edu\/misq\/article\/44\/4\/1679\/1819\/The-Effects-of-Business-IT-Strategic-Alignment-and"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]]},"references-count":109,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25300\/misq\/2020\/12165","relation":{},"ISSN":["0276-7783","2162-9730"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0276-7783","type":"print"},{"value":"2162-9730","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]]}}}