{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T09:02:28Z","timestamp":1785834148929,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MIS Quarterly","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In today\u2019s highly competitive business environment, a growing number of high-tech firms are opening their technologies. We explore the rationale behind this unusual sharing behavior in order to understand whether it is altruism or a shrewd business move. We construct an analytical model where competing firms can choose technology openness, prototype release, or technology closedness as the technology openness strategy and make subsequent innovations on the adopted technology. In contrast to literature focusing on the demand side, our study reveals a novel explanation by shedding light on two effects of supply side. First, openness generates an information effect through which it reveals technology information to the competitor. Second, openness might also lead to an access effect in which the competitor might become a \u201ccopycat\u201d by exerting a learning effort. Our analysis suggests that a firm\u2019s openness decision depends upon the trade-off between both effects, and the interplay is moderated by the learning costs. We find that sharing technology can alleviate costly innovation competition under certain conditions. More importantly, our results reveal that openness does not necessarily translate to higher innovation and greater consumer surplus as conventional wisdom suggests. We also illustrate the robustness of the basic rationale and enrich our findings through several extended models.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.25300\/misq\/2020\/14589","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,14]],"date-time":"2021-01-14T15:24:34Z","timestamp":1610637874000},"page":"1049-1072","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Altruism or Shrewd Business? Implications of Technology Openness on Innovations and Competition"],"prefix":"10.25300","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"He","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economics and Business Administration, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geoffrey","family":"Parker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755 U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yinliang (Ricky)","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"A. B. Freeman School of Business, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118 U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongyan","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economics and Business Administration, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10933","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025082212205248500_b1-03_14589_ra_huangparker","unstructured":"Anderson, C.\n          \u20082016. \u201c10 Reasons Why the Sega Dreamcast Failed,\u201d GOLIATH (https:\/\/www.goliath.com\/gaming\/10-reasons-why-the-sega-dreamcast-failed\/)."},{"issue":"1","key":"2025082212205248500_b2-03_14589_ra_huangparker","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1287\/isre.2013.0505","article-title":"Platform Performance Investment in the Presence of Network Externalities","volume":"25","author":"Anderson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Information Systems Research"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025082212205248500_b3-03_14589_ra_huangparker","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.3982\/ECTA5434","article-title":"Identification and Estimation of a Discrete Game of Complete Information","volume":"78","author":"Bajari","year":"2010","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025082212205248500_b4-03_14589_ra_huangparker","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1287\/mksc.2014.0894","article-title":"Pricing Information Goods: A Strategic Analysis of the Selling and Pay-Per-Use Mechanisms","volume":"34","author":"Balasubramanian","year":"2015","journal-title":"Marketing Science"},{"key":"2025082212205248500_b5-03_14589_ra_huangparker","unstructured":"Bessen, J.\n          \u20082014. \u201cHistory Backs Up Tesla\u2019s Patent Sharing,\u201d Harvard Business Review Blog (https:\/\/hbr.org\/2014\/06\/history-backs-up-teslas-patent-sharing\/)."},{"issue":"4","key":"2025082212205248500_b6-03_14589_ra_huangparker","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1756-2171.2009.00081.x","article-title":"Sequential Innovation, Patents, and Imitation","volume":"40","author":"Bessen","year":"2009","journal-title":"The Rand Journal of Economics"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025082212205248500_b7-03_14589_ra_huangparker","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1849","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.1100.1215","article-title":"Open Platform Strategies and Innovation Granting Access vs. Devolving Control","volume":"56","author":"Boudreau","year":"2010","journal-title":"Management Science"},{"key":"2025082212205248500_b8-03_14589_ra_huangparker","unstructured":"Cabral, B. 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